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Sage One
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The Story of Ramayana by Maharshi Valmiki Long ago, Dasharatha, the wise king of Ayodhya of Sarayu, India had three wives. Though the King had three wives, he didn’t have any children with them. The Chief priest Vasishta advised the king to make fire sacrifice to obtain a blessing from the gods. After the gods were pleased, one of them appeared out of the flame and handed him a pot full of nectar. The god told the king to share the nectar with his three queens namely Kausalya, Kaikeye, and Sumitra. While the nectar had been shared, the three queens gave birth to sons: Kausalya had Rama; Kaikeye had Bharatha; and Sumitra had twins Lakshmana and Shatrughna. A sage took the boys out to train them in archery. In a neighboring city, the ruler's daughter was named Sita. When it was time for Sita to choose her bridegroom, at a ceremony called a Swayamvara, the princes were asked to string a giant bow. No one else could even lift the bow, but as Rama bent it, he did not only string it but also broke it into two. Sita indicated that she chose Rama as her husband by putting a garland around his neck. The disappointed suitors were watching. 6 CO_Q3_English8_Module 4 King Dasharatha, Rama's father, decided it was time to give his throne to his eldest son Rama and retired to the forest to seek moksha. Everyone seems pleased. This plan fulfilled the rules of dharma because an eldest son should rule and, if a son can take over one's responsibilities, one's last years may be spent in a search for moksha. In addition, everyone loved Rama. However, Rama's stepmother, the king's second wife, was not pleased. She wanted her son, Bharata, to rule. Because of an oath Dasharatha had made to her years before, she got the king to agree to banish Rama for fourteen years and to crown Bharata even though the king, on bended knee, begged her not to demand such things. Broken-hearted, the devastated king could not face Rama with the news that Kaikeyi must tell him. Rama, always obedient, was as content to go into banishment in the forest as to be crowned king. Sita convinced Rama that she would always be at his side and his brother Lakshmana also begged to accompany them. Rama, Sita, and Lakshmana set out to the forest. Bharata, whose mother's evil plot had won him the throne, was very upset when he found out what had happened. Not for a moment he did consider breaking the rules of dharma and becoming king in Rama's place. He went to Rama's forest retreat and begged Rama to return and rule, but Rama refused. "We must obey father," Rama says. Bharata then took Rama's sandals saying, "I will put these on the throne, and every day I shall place the fruits of my work at the feet of my Lord." Embracing Rama, he took the sandals and returned to Ayodhya. Years passed and Rama, Sita, and Lakshmana were very happy in the forest. Rama and Lakshmana destroyed the rakshasas (evil creatures) who disturbed the sages in their meditations. One day a rakshasa princess named Shurpanakha tried to seduce Rama, and Lakshmana wounded her and drove her away. She returned to her brother Ravana, the ten-headed ruler of Lanka (Sri Lanka, formerly Ceylon), and told her brother, who is always attracted to beautiful women, about lovely Sita. Ravana devised a plan to abduct Sita. He sent a magical golden deer which Sita desired Rama to hunt. A long time had passed, but Rama didn’t return. Thus, Lakshmana went off to find his brother. Before leaving Sita, Lakshmana drew a protective circle around Sita and warned her that she would be safe if she would stay within the circle. As they went off, Ravana, who could change his shape, appeared as a holy man begging alms. The moment Sita stepped outside the circle to give him food, Ravana grabbed her and carried her off to his kingdom in Lanka. Rama was broken-hearted when he returned to the empty hut and could not find Sita. A band of monkeys led by Hanuman offered to help him find Sita. Ravana carried Sita to his palace in Lanka, but he could not force her to be his wife. So, he put her in a grove and alternately sweet-talked her and threatened her in an attempt to get her to agree to marry him. Sita would not even look at him but thought only of her beloved Rama. Hanuman, the general of the monkey band could fly since his father was the wind, and he flew to Lanka and found Sita in the grove, comforted her, and told her Rama would come soon and save her. 7 CO_Q3_English8_Module 4 Ravana's men captured Hanuman, and Ravana ordered them to wrap Hanuman's tail in cloth and to set it on fire. With his tail burning, Hanuman hopped from house-top to house-top, setting Lanka a fire. He then flew back to Rama to tell him where Sita was. Rama, Lakshmana, and the monkey army built a causeway from the tip of India crossing over to Lanka. A mighty battle took place. Rama killed several of Ravana's brothers and then Rama confronted ten-headed Ravana. Rama finally killed Ravana and freed Sita. After Sita gained her freedom from Ravana, she proved her purity through the trial by fire. Then, they returned to Ayodhya and Rama became the king. As Rama became the king, he ruled Ayodhya with Ramrajya - an ideal time when everyone does his or her duties and responsibilitiesHere's how scientists figured out the age of the universe It took some cosmic detective work. by Passant Rabie Oct. 20, 2021 You never ask a cosmic being its age. But if that cosmic being encompasses all of space, time, and matter, you could get a little curious. Scientists have long been curious about the age of the universe and how much time has elapsed since the Big Bang. Today, scientists estimated the age of the universe to be approximately 13.8 billion years old. But how did scientists estimate how old the universe is, and are they sure of that number? It all comes down to ancient stars and the ever-expanding cosmos. How do astronomers calculate the age of the universe? To estimate the age of the universe, scientists rely on two main methods. Calculating the expansion rate of the universe Determining the ages of the oldest stars The Hubble Constant: Since its conception, the universe has been expanding at an accelerating rate. The universe’s expansion rate is known as the Hubble Constant, which is estimated at 46,200 mph per million light-years. The Hubble Constant was first calculated in the 1920s by American astronomer Edwin Hubble after discovering that several galaxies were moving away from Earth. Scientists looked to distant galaxies to measure how fast the universe was expanding. Hubble also noted that the further a galaxy was, the faster it was moving away. Based on Hubble’s observations, the astronomer came up with Hubble’s law which showed a correlation between how far an object is and the speed at which it’s receding. Using Hubble law, scientists were able to estimate the expansion rate of the universe. Scientists were then able to use the Hubble Constant to estimate the age of the universe by working backward, all the way back to the Big Bang. This extrapolation depends on the current density and composition of the universe, which shows the history of its expansion. In 2012 NASA’s Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe used that data to estimate the universe's age to be 13.772 billion years old, give or take 59 million years. A year later, The European Space Agency’s Planck spacecraft estimated the universe's age to be 13.82 billion years. Ancestral stars: Another way to determine the age of the universe is to look to the oldest stars. The universe can’t be younger than its oldest stars. Therefore, to narrow down the age of the universe, scientists measure the ages of the very first stars that formed in the cosmos. The lifecycle of a star depends on its mass, with high mass stars burning fuel at a faster rate and therefore dying out faster while low mass stars can live up to 20 billion years. Globular clusters are a dense stellar collection of around a million stars which all formed roughly around the same time. These clusters can then serve as timekeepers for the universe. By determining the masses of their stars, scientists can estimate when the globular cluster formed. The oldest globular clusters contain stars that are 0.7 times less massive than the Sun, which suggests that they are between 11 to 18 billion years old. What came before the Big Bang? Scientists can trace the universe back to its explosive birth, the Big Bang. But what happened before this theoretical birth of the cosmos? The universe may have been a singularity, all compact within a form that is smaller than a subatomic particle. It’s difficult to imagine what caused this matter to exist, but one theory even suggests that our universe was born from another universe while another imagines a series of universes being born out of one another like a formation of bubbles. Meanwhile, another theory suggests that the universe goes through an endless cycle of death and rebirth, born from its own demise. How old is the universe in seconds? If the universe is indeed cyclical, then time becomes irrelevant. But just in case you’re still attached to the modern way in which we measure the progression of life, then the age of the universe comes up to about 436,117,076,900,000,000 seconds.Sage International SchoolSage 300 appaccSAGE ReviewLatin america government -Sage HepburnCliche
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I Définition La proposition commerciale est une offre adressée à un client ou prospect suite à sa demande. Le commercial doit donc veiller à soigner sa présentation, car la proposition commerciale est la vitrine de l’entreprise La proposition commerciale est le support de la relation entre l’entreprise et le client/prospect. II La finalité d’une proposition commerciale La proposition commerciale permet de répondre précisément aux attentes du client qui souhaite passer une commande. Dans cette optique, la proposition doit être : - claire, - personnalisée - différenciée de celles de la concurrence. La proposition commerciale permet également de renseigner le client non pas uniquement sur les prestations proposées mais aussi sur l’entreprise elle-même grâce à son numéro d’identification (SIRET) délivré par l’INSEE III Le système d’information client Pour réaliser la proposition commerciale, le commercial doit collecter des informations sur la clientèle, sur les produits mais également sur l’environnement commercial. Elle consulte donc le système d’information client dont l’acronyme est SIC. Il est constitué de fichiers commerciaux utilisables par tous les collaborateurs de l’entreprise afin d’améliorer la connaissance de la clientèle et des propsects. Son contenu est le suivant : IV Les logiciels pour préparer une proposition commerciale. Il est possible de préparer les propositions commerciales sur un texteur, un tableur, un logiciel spécialisé en gestion commerciale ou un progiciel de gestion intégré : Logiciels pouvant être utilisés Traitement de texte (Word, Open Writer, etc.) Tableur (Excel, Open Calc, etc.) Logiciel de gestion commerciale (EBP, Ciel, etc.) PGI (Cegid, Sage, EBP) Si l’entreprise possède un PGI ou un logiciel de gestion commerciale, la proposition commerciale sera effectuée sur ce type de logiciel. Dans le cas contraire, il est recommandé d’utiliser le tableur. Le progiciel est l’outil privilégié par les entreprises car il regroupe un ensemble de logiciels (modules) intégrant les principales fonctions nécessaire à la gestion des flux monétaires et physiques de l’entreprise. Tous ces modules accèdent à des ressources communes, stockées dans une base de données unique. Les modules les plus courants sont : Ainsi, le PGI permet d’éviter les saisies redondantes, qui sont sources d’erreurs et de perte de temps. V Distinguer devis et proposition commerciale 1. Le devis C’est une offre adressée à un client ou un prospect destinée à répondre à son besoin suite à la demande du client. Son contenu se limite souvent à la référence des produits et leurs prix. Le devis est donc un engagement de l’entreprise pour réaliser une prestation ou pour délivrer un produit au prix indiqué et dans les délais annoncés. Seules la signature du client et la date donnent au devis la valeur juridique d’un contrat. Il peut donc ajouter « Lu et accepté » ou encore « bon pour travaux » par exemple. 2. La proposition commerciale Par rapport au devis, la proposition commerciale nécessite une analyse plus poussée des besoins du client, un chiffrage de l’offre plus complexe et un document plus personnalisé VI Les étapes pour réaliser une offre commerciale Les étapes de la mise en œuvre d’une proposition commerciale sont : – l’analyse des besoins du client ; – la recherche des informations qui permettent d’établir l’offre correspondant aux besoins du client (prix, délai de livraison, planning de production, etc.) ; – la mise en forme de la proposition : On peut donc la schématiser ainsi : VII Les mentions obligatoires à faire figurer sur la proposition commerciale VIII Les sanctions en cas de non respect des mentions obligatoires Tout manquement peut aboutir à une contravention pouvant aller jusqu’à 1500 € d’amende.