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Satan's speech from Paradise Lost by John Milton
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Hi, I'm John Green, this is Crash Course U.S. History, and today, we're going to talk about slavery, which is not funny. 0:06 Yeah, so we put a lei on the eagle to try and cheer you up, but let's face it, this is going to be depressing. 0:10 With slavery, every time you think, like, "Aw, it couldn't have been that bad," it turns out to have been much worse. 0:14 Mr. Green, Mr. Green! But what about – 0:15 Yeah, Me from the Past, I'm going to stop you right there, because you're going to embarrass yourself. Slavery was hugely important to America. 0:20 I mean, it led to a civil war and it also lasted what, at least in U.S. history, counts as a long-ass time, from 1619 to 1865. 0:29 And yes, I know there's a 1200-year-old church in your neighborhood in Denmark, but we're not talking about Denmark! 0:35 But slavery is most important because we still struggle with its legacy. 0:38 So, yes, today's episode will probably not be funny, but it will be important. 0:42 [Theme Music] North & South economic ties 0:51 So the slave-based economy in the South is sometimes characterized as having been separate from the Market Revolution, but that's not really the case. 0:57 Without southern cotton, the North wouldn't have been able to industrialize, at least not as quickly, because cotton textiles were one of the first industrially products. 1:04 And the most important commodity in world trade by the nineteenth century, and 3/4 of the world's cotton came from the American South. 1:11 And speaking of cotton, why has no one mentioned to me that my collar has been half popped this entire episode, like I'm trying to recreate the Flying Nun's hat. 1:18 And although there were increasingly fewer slaves in the North as northern states outlawed slavery, cotton shipments overseas made northern merchants rich. 1:26 Northern bankers financed the purchase of land for plantations. 1:29 Northern insurance companies insured slaves who were, after all, considered property, and very valuable property. 1:35 And in addition to turning cotton into cloth for sale overseas, northern manufacturers sold cloth back to the South, where it was used to clothe the very slaves who had cultivated it. 1:45 But certainly the most prominent effects of the slave-based economy were seen in the South. Slave-based agriculture in the South 1:49 The profitability of slaved-based agriculture, especially King Cotton, meant that the South would remain largely agricultural and rural. 1:56 Slave states were home to a few cities, like St. Louis and Baltimore, but with the exception of New Orleans, 2:00 almost all southern urbanization took place in the upper South, further away from the large cotton plantations. 2:06 And slave-based agriculture was so profitable that it siphoned money away from other economic endeavors. 2:11 Like, there was very little industry in the South. 2:13 It produced only 10% of the nation's manufactured goods. 2:16 And, as most of the capital was being plowed into the purchase of slaves, there was very little room for technological innovation, like, for instance, railroads. 2:23 This lack of industry and railroads would eventually make the South suck at the Civil War, thankfully. 2:27 In short, slavery dominated the South, shaping it both economically and culturally, and slavery wasn't a minor aspect of American society. Popular attitudes concerning slavery 2:35 By 1860, there were four million slaves in the U.S., and in the South, they made up one third of the total population. 2:42 Although in the popular imagination, most plantations were these sprawling affairs with hundreds of slaves, 2:47 in reality, the majority of slaveholders owned five or fewer slaves. 2:51 And, of course, most white people in the South owned no slaves at all, though, if they could afford to, they would sometimes rent slaves to help with their work. 2:57 These were the so-called yeoman farmers who lived self-sufficiently, raised their own food, and purchased very little in the Market Economy. 3:04 They worked the poorest land and, as a result, were mostly pretty poor themselves. 3:08 But even they largely supported slavery, partly, perhaps, for aspirational reasons, and partly because the racism inherent to the system gave even the poorest whites legal and social status. 3:18 And southern intellectuals worked hard to encourage these ideas of white solidarity and to make the case for slavery. 3:23 Many of the founders, a bunch of whom you'll remember, held slaves, saw slavery as a necessary evil. 3:29 Jefferson once wrote, quote, "As it is, we have the wolf by the ear, and we can neither hold him, nor safely let him go. 3:37 Justice is on one scale, and self-preservation in the other." 3:41 The belief that justice and self-preservation couldn't sit on the same side of the scale was really opposed to the American idea, 3:47 and, in the end, it would make the Civil War inevitable. 3:50 But as slavery became more entrenched in these ideas of liberty and political equality were embraced by more people, 3:55 some southerners began to make the case that slavery wasn't just a necessary evil. 3:59 They argued, for instance, that slaves benefited from slavery. 4:03 Because, you know, because their masters fed them and clothed them and took care of them in their old age. 4:07 You still hear this argument today, astonishingly. 4:09 In fact, you'll probably see asshats in the comments saying that in the comments. 4:12 I will remind you, it's not cursing if you are referring to an actual ass. 4:15 This paternalism allowed masters to see themselves as benevolent and to contrast their family-oriented slavery with the cold, mercenary Capitalism of the free-labor North. 4:26 So yeah, in the face of rising criticism of slavery, some southerners began to argue that the institution was actually good for the social order. 4:33 One of the best-known proponents of this view was John C. Calhoun, who, in 1837, said this in a speech on the Senate floor: 4:40 "I hold that, in the present state of civilization, 4:43 where two races of different origin and distinguished by color and other physical differences as well as intellectual, are brought together, 4:51 the relation now existing in the slave-holding states between the two is, instead of an evil, a good. A positive good." 4:59 Now, of course, John C. Calhoun was a fringe politician, and nobody took his views particularly seriously. 5:04 Stan: Well, he was Secretary of State from 1844 to 1845. 5:07 John: Well, I mean, who really cares about the Secretary of State, Stan? 5:10 Danica: Eh, he was also Secretary of War from 1817 to 1825. 5:13 John: All right, but we don't even have a Secretary of War anymore, so... 5:16 Meredith: And he was Vice President from 1825 to 1832. 5:19 John: Oh my god, were we insane?! 5:21 We were, of course, but we justified the insanity with Biblical passages and with the examples of the Greeks and Romans, 5:28 and with outright racism, arguing that black people were inherently inferior to whites. 5:33 And that not to keep them in slavery would upset the natural order of things. 5:37 A worldview popularized millennia ago by my nemesis, Aristotle. God, I hate Aristotle. 5:42 You know what defenders of Aristotle always say? 5:44 "He was the first person to identify dolphins." 5:47 Well, ok, dolphin identifier. 5:50 Yes, that is what he should be remembered for, but he's a terrible philosopher! Lives & experiences of enslaved people 5:53 Here's the truth about slavery: 5:55 It was coerced labor that relied upon intimidation and brutality and dehumanization. 6:00 And this wasn't just a cultural system, it was a legal one. 6:03 I mean, Louisiana law proclaimed that a slave "owes his master... a respect without bounds, and an absolute obedience." 6:09 The signal feature of slaves' lives was work. 6:12 I mean, conditions and tasks varied, but all slaves labored, usually from sunup to sundown, and almost always without any pay. 6:20 Most slaves worked in agriculture on plantations, and conditions were different, depending on which crops are grown. 6:25 Like, slaves on the rice plantations of South Carolina had terrible working conditions, 6:29 but they labored under the task system, which meant that once they had completed their allotted daily work, they would have time to do other things. 6:36 But lest you imagine this is like how we have work and leisure time, bear in mind that they were owned and treated as property. 6:42 On cotton plantations, most slaves worked in gangs, usually under the control of an overseer, or another slave who was called a "driver." 6:49 This was back-breaking work done in the southern sun and humidity, and so it's not surprising that whippings – or the threat of them – were often necessary to get slaves to work. 6:58 It's easy enough to talk about the brutality of slave discipline, but it can be difficult to internalize it. 7:03 Like, you look at these pictures, but because you've seen them over and over again, they don't have the power they once might have. 7:09 The pictures can tell a story about cruelty, but they don't necessarily communicate how arbitrary it all was. 7:14 As, for example, in this story, told by a woman who was a slave as a young girl: 7:18 "[The] overseer... went to my father one morning and said, "Bob, I'm gonna whip you this morning." 7:22 Daddy said, "I ain't done nothing," and he said, "I know it, I'm going to whip you to keep you from doing nothing," 7:28 and he hit him with that cowhide – you know it would cut the blood out of you with every lick if they hit you hard." 7:33 That brutality – the whippings, the brandings, the rape – was real, and it was intentional, because, in order for slavery to function, slaves had to be dehumanized. 7:43 This enabled slaveholders to rationalize what they were doing, and it was hoped to reduce slaves to the animal property that is implied by the term "chattel slavery." 7:51 So the idea was that slaveholders wouldn't think of their slaves as human, and slaves wouldn't think of themselves as human. 7:57 But it didn't work. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. 7:59 Slaves' resistance to their dehumanization took many forms, but the primary way was by forming families. Family, love, & religion of enslaved people 8:05 Family was a refuge for slaves and a source of dignity that masters recognized and sought to stifle. 8:10 A paternalistic slave owner named Bennet H. Barrow wrote in his rules for the Highland Plantation: 8:15 "No rule that I have stated is of more importance than that relating to Negroes marrying outside of the plantation... It creates a feeling of independence." 8:23 Most slaves did marry, usually for life, and, when possible, slaves grew up in two-parent households. 8:28 Single-parent households were common, though, as a result of one parent being sold. 8:32 In the upper South, where the economy was shifting from tobacco to different, less labor-intensive cash crops, the sale of slaves was common. 8:40 Perhaps one-third of slave marriages in states like Virginia were broken up by sale. 8:45 Religion was also an important part of life in slavery. 8:47 While masters wanted their slaves to learn the parts of the Bible that talked about being happy in bondage, 8:52 slave worship tended to focus on the stories of Exodus, where Moses brought the slaves out of bondage, 8:57 or Biblical heroes, who overcame great odds, like Daniel and David. 9:01 And, although most slaves were forbidden to learn to read and write, many did anyway. And some became preachers. 9:07 Slave preachers were often very charismatic leaders, and they roused the suspicion of slave owners, and not without reason. 9:13 Two of the most important slave uprisings in the South were led by preachers. 9:16 Thanks, Thought Bubble. 9:17 Oh, it's time for the Mystery Document? Mystery Document 9:19 We're doing two set pieces in a row? All right. [buzzing noise] [music] 9:24 The rules here are simple. 9:26 I wanted to re-shoot that, but Stan said no. 9:29 I guess the author of the Mystery Document. 9:30 If I am wrong, I get shocked with the shock pen. 9:33 "Since I have been in the Queen's dominions I have been well contented, yes well contented for sure, man is as God intended he should be. 9:40 That is, all are born free and equal. 9:43 This is a wholesome law, not like the southern laws which puts man made in the image of God on level with brutes. 9:49 O, what will become of the people, and where will they stand in the day of judgment. 9:53 Would that the 5th verse of the 3rd chapter of Malachi were written as with a bar of iron, 9:59 and the point of a diamond upon every oppressor's heart that they might repent of this evil, and let the oppressed go free..." 10:06 All right, it's definitely a preacher, because only preachers have read Malachi. 10:10 Probably African American, probably not someone from the South. 10:13 I'm going to guess that it is Richard Allen, the founder of the African Methodist Episcopal Church? 10:18 [buzzing noise] DAAAH, DANG IT! 10:19 It's Joseph Taper, and Stan just pointed out to me that I should have known it was Joseph Taper because it starts out, 10:24 "Since I have been in the Queen's dominions..." 10:27 He was in Canada. He escaped slavery to Canada. The Queen's dominions! 10:31 All right, Canadians, I blame you for this, although, thank you for abolishing slavery decades before we did. 10:36 [electric sounds] AHHH! How people resisted & escaped slavery 10:37 So, the Mystery Document shows one of the primary ways that slaves resisted their oppression: by running away. 10:42 Although some slaves like Joseph Taper escaped for good by running away to northern free states, 10:47 or even to Canada, where they wouldn't have to worry about fugitive slave laws, even more slaves ran away temporarily, hiding out in the woods or the swamps, and eventually returning. 10:55 No one knows exactly how many slaves escaped to freedom, but the best estimate is that a thousand or so a year made the journey northward. 11:01 Most fugitive slaves were young men, but the most famous runaway has been hanging out behind me all day long: Harriet Tubman. 11:07 Harriet Tubman escaped to Philadelphia at the age of 29, and over the course of her life, she made about 20 trips back to Maryland to help friends and relatives make the journey north on the Underground Railroad. 11:17 But a more dramatic form of resistance to slavery was actual, armed rebellion, which was attempted. 11:22 Now, individuals sometimes took matters into their own hands and beat or even killed their white overseers or masters. 11:27 Like Bob, the guy who received the arbitrary beating, responded to it by killing his overseer with a hoe. 11:33 But that said, large-scale slave uprisings were relatively rare. 11:36 The four most famous ones all took place in a 35-year period at the beginning of the 19th century. Slave rebellions 11:41 Gabriel's Rebellion in 1800 – which we've talked about before – was discovered before he was able to carry out his plot. 11:45 Then, in 1811, a group of slaves upriver from New Orleans seized cane, knives, and guns, and marched on the city before militia stopped them. 11:52 And in 1822, Denmark Vesey, a former slave who had purchased his freedom, may have organized a plot to destroy Charleston, South Carolina. 11:59 I say "may have" because the evidence against him is disputed and comes from a trial that was not fair. 12:05 But regardless, the end result of that trial was that he was executed, as were 34 slaves. Nat Turner's Rebellion 12:09 But the most successful slave rebellion, at least in the sense that they actually killed some people, was Nat Turner's in August 1831. 12:15 Turner was a preacher, and with a group of about 80 slaves, he marched from farm to farm in South Hampton County, Virginia, 12:21 killing the inhabitants, most of whom were women and children, because the men were attending a religious revival meeting in North Carolina. 12:27 Turner and 17 other rebels were captured and executed, but not before they struck terror into the hearts of whites all across the American South. 12:34 Virginia's response was to make slavery worse, passing even harsher laws that forbade slaves from preaching, and prohibited teaching them to read. 12:42 Other slave states followed Virginia's lead and, by the 1830s, slavery had grown, if anything, more harsh. 12:47 So, this shows that large-scaled armed resistance was – Django Unchained aside – not just suicidal, but also a threat to loved ones and, really, to all slaves. How enslaved people resisted their oppression & why it matters 12:55 But, it is hugely important to emphasize that slaves did resist their oppression. 12:59 Sometimes this meant taking up arms, but usually it meant more subtle forms of resistance, 13:03 like intentional work slowdowns or sabotaging equipment, or pretending not to understand instructions. 13:08 And, most importantly, in the face of systematic legal and cultural degradation, they re-affirmed their humanity through family and through faith. 13:16 Why is this so important? 13:17 Because too often in America, we still talk about slaves as if they failed to rise up, 13:21 when, in fact, rising up would not have made life better for them or for their families. 13:26 The truth is, sometimes carving out an identity as a human being in a social order that is constantly seeking to dehumanize you, is the most powerful form of resistance. 13:34 Refusing to become the chattel that their masters believed them to be is what made slavery untenable and the Civil War inevitable, so make no mistake, slaves fought back. 13:45 And in the end, they won. I'll see you next week. Credits 13:48 Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. 13:50 The script supervisor is Meredith Danko. 13:52 Our associate producer is Danica Johnson. 13:54 The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself. 13:57 And our graphics team is Thought Cafe. 13:58 Every week, there's a new caption to the Libertage, but today's episode was so sad that we couldn't fit a Libertage in... 14:04 UNTIL NOW! [Libertage Rock Music] 14:08 Suggest Libertage caption in comments, where you can also ask questions about today's video that will be answered by our team of historians. 14:13 Thanks for watching Crash Course, and as we say in my home town, don't forget to be abolitionist. of Adam in the Quran in English: 1. The Importance of Obeying Allah's Commands: The story of Adam highlights the importance of obeying Allah's commands and avoiding arrogance, as seen with Iblis who disobeyed Allah. It is essential for Muslims to adhere to the teachings of their faith. 2. Repentance and Remorse: When Adam and Eve made a mistake, they sought forgiveness from Allah. This teaches us that repentance and remorse for sins are qualities of believers. 3. Tests and Trials: The story of Adam reflects that life is filled with tests and temptations, and that faith and steadfastness on the truth are the ways to overcome these challenges. 4. Enmity Between Truth and Falsehood: The story illustrates the enmity between the believers and Satan, warning us of Satan's deceptions and the importance of remaining on the straight path.Angels are spiritual beings. They do not have physical bodies. They are His servants; they obey God and do His will. Angels appear to people only when God has a purpose for them to be seen. People have entertained angels without being aware of it because the angels took on the appearance of ordinary men. They have appeared to people as bright and shining beings. In the Bible, angels have told people not to be afraid. Fallen angels, or demons, rebelled against God and followed Satan. As a result, they were cast out of heaven. The devil, or Satan, is one of these fallen angels. He is God's enemy. Satan was created as a beautiful angel, but his pride led to his downfall. God is infinitely more powerful than Satan, and God has set limits on Satan's temporary power on the earth. Satan tempts Christians to sin and causes some trouble in their life. However, Christians have various ways of overcoming temptation and staying true to the Lord despite the trouble. Being tempted to sin is not a sin; even Jesus was tempted but He never sinned. Christians are tempted by the devil, by their sinful nature, and by other people. Some of the ways that Christians can overcome temptation are by fleeing tempting situations, memorizing and applying Bible verses, exercising self-control, and keeping strong in their faith and their relationship with God.Can you make me a 40 question quiz from the following information? he story of coffee has all the elements of a bestselling novel, such as chance happenings, luck, political intrigue, the high seas and great wealth. With research, you will find many stories and dates when this happened and dates when that happened. Often these stories and dates will conflict with each other. Whatever the history, coffee has become one of the most important trading commodities in the world. Being second only to oil and being one of the most popular beverages, behind tea, beer and of course, water. Coffee growing is a very labour-intensive operation and it provides important trading income for many nations and people throughout the world. The most famous story about the origin of coffee is the story of Kaldi a goat herder from Ethiopia. It is said he noticed that his goats became very active after eating the red berries of a certain plant. He tried a few himself and noticed the stimulating effect of the berries. It is then said that monks started drinking a beverage made from the berries to help stay awake for the prayers; this would have been around 1000 AD. Over the next few hundred years the Arab world started to use the berries as a beverage and coffee was born. In those early years, coffee was mostly confined to the Muslim world with the export of coffee plants and seeds banned. But coffee could not be hidden forever so eventually coffee was introduced to Constantinople and coffee houses were opened in 1475. European traders then brought coffee back to Europe by approximately 1600. At first, coffee was met with a hostile reaction, with some Christians calling it the ‘Devil’s Drink’ and asking Pope Vincent III to ban the beverage. He tried coffee and liked it so much that he is claimed to have said “This beverage is so delicious that it would be a sin to let only misbelievers drink it! Let’s defeat Satan by blessing this beverage, which contains nothing objectionable to a Christian!” Coffee shops sprung up in every city and became an important social and networking place to meet. This tradition continues today with the French word for coffee being ‘Café’. Coffee is said to have changed the social fabric of society by providing a popular non-alcoholic alternative to beer and wine. For the first time in recorded history people were not drunk all the time. Coffee today is grown and enjoyed worldwide and is one of the few crops that small farmers in third-world countries can profitably export. The coffee plant is a tree that is pruned to grow to a height of approximately three metres. This makes cultivating the beans easier as most of the beans are handpicked. The plant has white flowers similar to jasmine that grow in clusters and set to become red cherry-like fruit; beneath the red skin are two pips which are the coffee beans. Because the berries ripen at varying times the fruit must be handpicked to select only those beans ripe for harvest. This requires the picker to pick from the same plant many times and is very labour intensive. This is why coffee is grown in developing countries where labour is cheaper and foreign income is needed. Coffee plants grow best in a mountain tropical climate between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Tropic of Cancer. This mountainous land is another reason why machine picking is very difficult and hand picking is preferred. There are two main species of coffee grown today: Coffee Arabica. Coffee Robusta. Robusta grows at lower altitudes and produces a larger crop than Arabica; therefore, it is cheaper to produce Arabica is the most popular and generally considered to give superior flavour. Most Robusta is grown in Asia and Africa. About 75% of coffee grown is Arabica and 25% Robusta. Robusta is more often used as a blend with Arabica rather than a standalone coffee; used as a filler coffee in the production of instant or to add extra caffeine to an Arabica coffee for the European markets. Robusta is higher in caffeine than Arabica, but the flavour is not as palatable as the more popular Arabica bean. Coffee is produced in about 60 countries throughout the world but production is dominated by three countries producing approximately half the crop: Brazil, Vietnam and Colombia.Comprehension Test: Superbook – Revelation Theme: Forgiveness, Salvation, and God’s Victory 🔹 Remembering (Items 1–4) What mistake did Chris make at the beginning of the episode? A. He lied to his parents B. He started a fire accidentally C. He broke a valuable item D. He skipped school Answer: B Who are the three main characters in the episode? A. Peter, Mary, and John B. Chris, Joy, and Gizmo C. David, Sarah, and Eli D. Paul, Ruth, and Micah Answer: B Where does Superbook transport the children? A. To the Garden of Eden B. To the time of Jesus’ birth C. To the end times D. To the Exodus Answer: C Who receives visions in heaven during the episode? A. Moses B. Apostle Paul C. Apostle John D. King Solomon Answer: C 🔹 Understanding (Items 5–8) Why does Chris believe his mistake is unforgivable? A. He was punished severely B. He hurt someone intentionally C. He fears the consequences are too great D. He doesn’t understand forgiveness Answer: C What does the descent of the New Jerusalem symbolize? A. The end of all prophecy B. The beginning of war C. Eternal life and God’s promise D. The destruction of the earth Answer: C What lesson does Chris learn from his father? A. That mistakes are permanent B. That forgiveness is earned C. That God’s mercy is unconditional D. That punishment is necessary Answer: C What theme is emphasized throughout the episode? A. Justice and revenge B. Power and control C. Forgiveness and salvation D. Wealth and prosperity Answer: C 🔹 Applying (Items 9–12) If a student feels guilty for a mistake, what lesson from the episode could help them? A. Avoid responsibility B. Seek revenge C. Trust in God’s forgiveness D. Hide the truth Answer: C How might Joy’s experience in heaven help her understand God’s plan? A. She sees the consequences of sin B. She learns about ancient history C. She witnesses God’s ultimate victory D. She meets famous prophets Answer: C What action could reflect the message of salvation in daily life? A. Ignoring others’ mistakes B. Offering forgiveness to someone who hurt you C. Avoiding difficult conversations D. Seeking personal gain Answer: B How could Gizmo’s role support the group’s understanding of Revelation? A. By distracting them with jokes B. By translating the visions C. By guiding them through spiritual truths D. By fixing technical problems Answer: C 🔹 Analyzing (Items 13–16) What contrast is shown between Chris’s fear and the final message of the episode? A. Fear leads to punishment; forgiveness leads to peace B. Fear is stronger than faith C. Mistakes are never forgiven D. God ignores human emotions Answer: A Why is the battle between angels and Satan significant? A. It shows the power of war B. It represents the struggle for heaven C. It symbolizes the victory of good over evil D. It predicts future disasters Answer: C What does the episode suggest about the nature of sin? A. It is always punished B. It can be forgiven through God’s mercy C. It is inherited D. It defines a person’s worth Answer: B How do Chris’s emotions evolve throughout the episode? A. From joy to anger B. From guilt to hope C. From confusion to pride D. From fear to rebellion Answer: B 🔹 Evaluating (Items 17–18) Do you agree that no sin is too great for God’s forgiveness? Why might this be important for viewers? A. Yes, it teaches hope and redemption B. No, some sins are unforgivable C. Yes, but only for believers D. No, forgiveness must be earned Answer: A How effective is the use of apocalyptic imagery in teaching moral lessons? A. It confuses young viewers B. It dramatizes the message of salvation C. It distracts from the core message D. It promotes fear Answer: B 🔹 Creating (Items 19–20) If you were to write a reflection based on this episode, what theme would you focus on? A. The importance of punishment B. The beauty of heaven C. The power of forgiveness D. The fear of judgment Answer: C What title would best capture the message of the episode? A. “The Fire Within” B. “Mercy Wins” C. “The End of Days” D. “Judgment and Justice” Answer: BPrincess Julian and Sutan Rumandung Long ago, there lived a king named Tuanku Raja Kecik. He wished to find a husband for his beloved granddaughter, Princess Julian. Therefore, he held a big party, inviting all young men in the kingdom . One night before the royal party, Princess Julian had a strange dream. In the dream, she met a young man named Sutan Rumandung. She believed deep in her heart that this man would be her future husband. Day after day, the party went on, but no one named Sutan Rumandung appeared. On the very last day, a ship arrived at the harbor, led by a young, handsome captain. Hearing the news, the king’s soldiers brought the young captain to the palace. In that moment, Princess Julian saw him, she realized that he was the same man from her dream. And it was true — the young man introduced himself as Sutan Rumandung. Knowing this, the king’s family was overjoyed, and soon the two were engaged. Before leaving to continue his voyage, Sutan Rumandung made a promise: if he married another woman, he would sink with his ship. Princess Julian also made a promise: if she married another man, she would turn into a white siamang. Days turned into months, and months into years. For two years, Princess Julian waited, but no message ever came. In the third year, another grand ship docked at the harbor. The captain was handsome and noble, and slowly, Princess Julian’s heart turned toward him. He too fell in love with her, and they decided to marry. On the wedding day, when the priest asked her for her answer, Princess Julian suddenly screamed — a cry like a siamang’s. Before everyone’s eyes, her body changed into a white siamang. The king could only watch, knowing the curse of her broken promise had come true. Not long after, the villagers found the white siamang lifeless in a tree. Soon came the news: Sutan Rumandung had died, his ship sinking into the sea. He, too, had broken his promise. And so ended the tragic tale of two lovers who betrayed each other.Stitches is the process of holding materials of fabric together to form a desired design. Stitches help in holding pieces of materials in position as desired to form styles or designs of our choice. Stitches are made by using machines and needles. The basic stitches are as follows: 1) Temporary Stitches: These are stitches that stay on fabric for a short time. They can remove when they are no longer useful. Examples are: i) Tacking Stitches. ii) Tailor’s tacking iii) Tailor’s marking iv) Basting. 2) Permanent Stitches: These are stitches that stay on material for ever. They are of two groups, which are: i)Straight Sewing Stitches: Examples are running stitches, back stitches and hemming. ii) Decorative Stitches: They add more beauty to the dress or article. Examples are satin, stem, chain, loop, herringbone. Panimula Natuklasan mo na ba kung paanong ginawa o nilikha ng Diyos ang daigdig? Ayon sa Genesis 1:1 “Nang pasimula ay nilikha ng Diyos ang langit at lupa.” Napakapalad natin dahil isa rin tayo sa nilikha Niya. Nakasama pa tayo sa isang paraiso na ngayo’y ating ginagalawan. Sa modyul na ito malalaman mo kung anong mga bagay pa ang nilikha ng Diyos na may kinalaman sa ating tinitirhan, ang mundo o daigdig? Mga dapat tandaan at layunin Handa ka na bang tuklasin ang ating daigdig? Kung handa ka na ihanda mo na ang iyong mapa o globo kung mayroon man. Ang Layunin mo sa modyul na ito ay ang mga sumusunod: • Nailalarawan ang daigdig bilang planeta ng solar system • Nailalarawan ang daigdig sa mga tao • Natatalakay at napapahalagahan : a. Bahaging Lupa b. Bahaging Tubig c. Bahaging Hangin • Natatalakay ang katangian ng globo bilang modelo ng mundo at ang mapa bilang patag na representasyon ng mundo • Naipapakita ang pakikiisa sa pag-aalaga at pagliligtas sa daigdig Pangunahing Pagsusulit Panuto: Isulat kung tama o mali. _________1. Ang daigdig ay planeta ng mga tao. _________2. Ang mapa ang sinasabing modelo ng mundo. _________3. Binubuo ng tatlong panlabas na bahagi ang ating daigdig. _________4. Pangatlo sa pinakamalapit sa araw ang ating mundo. _________5. Ang ating daigdig ay binubuo ng 75% na bahaging tubig at 25% na bahaging lupa. Nilalaman Noong unang panahon may iba’t ibang paniniwala ang mga tao sa daigdig. Inakala ng mga unang tao na ang mundo ay isang malawak na kapatagan at ang dulo ay walang hanggan. Sinasabi na ang daigdig ay isang hugis pabilog na batong lumulutang sa kalawakan. Bahagi ito ng tinatawag na solar system – isang kaayusan ng mga bagay na planetaryo sa kalawakan na ang nakapangunguna ay ang araw. Ang daigdig ay isang planeta na may tunay na hugis na oblate spheroid. Pangatlo sa pinakamalapit sa araw, na may layong 148,800,000 kilometro. Ang globo ang modelo ng mundo o daigdig samantalang ang mapa ay ang patag na representasyon ng mundo. Isang kartograper ang gumawa ng mapa. Makikita rito ang lawak ng isang lugar, direksyon mula sa iba’t ibang lugar, hugis ng lugar sa mundo at ang iskala mula sa lahat ng punto ng mapa. Ano ba ang iskala? Ito’y tawag sa paraan ng pagpapakita ng tunay na sukat ng mga lugar sa mapa na tinutumbasan ng mas maliit na sukat. ( Larawan ng Globo) Malinaw na makikita sa globo ang mga anyong tubig at anyong lupa, gayundin ang mga bahaging mabundok at bahaging patag. Binubuo ang mundo ng 75% na katubigan at 25% na kalupaan. Ang ating daigdig ay binubuo ng tatlong panlabas na bahagi: ang bahaging lupa, ang bahaging tubig at bahaging atmospera o hangin. Ang Bahaging Lupa ( Larawan) Ang bahaging lupa ay ang solidong bahagi na binubuo ng bato at lupa. Binubuo ito ng halos isang – kapat (1/4) o dalawampu’t limang porsyento ng mundo ay binubuo ng kalupaan. Ang malawak na lupa o malalaking tipak ng lupa ay tinatawag na kontinente o lupalop. Mayroon pitong kontinente ang ating mundo. Ang asya ang pinakamalaki na sinusundan ng Aprika, Hilagang Amerika, Timog Amerika, Europa, Antarctica at Australya. Mapapansin mo na maraming mga bansa ang nakapaloob sa bawat kontinente at karamihan sa mga ito ay magkakadikit. Pansinin mo ang kontinenteng Timog at Hilagang Amerika at ang mga kontinenteng Europa, Aprika, at Asya. Itanong mo sa iyong pasiliteytor kung saan ang sakop nito o hangganan ng bawat isa. Ang Bahaging Tubig ( Larawan ng tubig) Nakikita mo ba ang mga bahagi ng tubig sa globo o mapa? Mapapansin mo ang kulay asul sa mapa at globo na nagpapakita na ang mga ito ay binubuo ng bahagi ng tubig. Tinatayang tatlong kapat (3/4) o pitumpu’t limang porsiyento ng panlabas na bahagi ng mundo ay katubigan. Ang ating daigdig ay binubuo ng malalaking bahagi ng katubigan nan tinatawag na karagatan. Mayroon apat na karagatan ang daigdig. Ito ay ang karagatang Pasipiko, ang pinakamalaking karagatan, sinusundan ng Atlantiko, Indian at Artiko. Maari mo rin tingnan sa globo o mapa ang mga karagatang nabanggit at kung saan bansa at kontinente ito malapit. Ang Bahaging Atmospera o Hangin ( Larawan ) Naranasan mo na bang magpalipad ng saranggola? Ano ba ang dahilan kung bakit ito tumataas? Marahil alam mo na ang dahilan? TAMA! Ito’y dahil sa hangin na nagpapalipad at nagpapataas sa saranggola para ito’y tumayog. Ang bahaging bumabalot sa mundo ay ang atmospera. Samantala ang nakakapasong init ng araw o ultra violet rays ay pinipigilan ng mga makakapal na gas o ulap sa atmospera ng mundo ay tinatawag na ozone layer. Sinasala nito ang nakapipinsalang matinding sikat ng araw na pumapasok sa daigdig. Unti- unti na rin itong nabubutas dahil sa mga kemikal na CFC’s ( Chloroflouro Carbons), sprays, usok na galing sa pabrika at sasakyan. Ngayong alam na natin ang kahalagahan ng hangin sa ating kapaligiran pumunta naman tayo sa . . . ( Larawan ng sapin ng hangin) ANG ANIM NA SAPIN NG HANGIN: A. TROPOSPERA Dito nabubuo ang lagay ng panahon sa mundo. Kung ikaw ay nagpapalipad ng saranggola, sa tropospera ito lumilipad at ang hangin na iyong hinihinga ay nasa tropospera. B. ISTRATOSPERA Dito sa sapin na ito matatagpuan ang ozone layer. At karamihan sa mga eroplano ay dito nagpapalipad dahil hindi gaanong mapanganib dito. C. MESOSPERA Dito sa sapin na ito mayroon pinakamalakas na hangin. At karamihan sa mga batong bumabagsak sa kalawakan ay madali agad nag- aapoy at nasusunog kapag ito’y dumaan na sa hanging mesospera. D. TERMOSPERA Ang sapin ng hangin na sobrang lapit sa ultraviolet rays ng araw, sobrang init at umaabot ang init sa kabuuang 600 C. E. EKSOSPERA Ang pinakamalayong sapin sa ating himpapawid. Ito ang sapin na kung saan ay mahirap ng maabot. F. IONOSPERA Kung paano nagkakaroon ng signal ang iyong cellphone at malinaw ang naririnig ninyo sa radyo at sa telebisyon, Ionospera ang dahilan.