Sining 5- Quarter 4

Yunit III Aralin 4 Mga Katutubong Kultura at Sining ng Pilipino MEGUMI 5

Signing Naturally 10.5 Write the price 11-24

5.6A compare and contrast matter based on measurable, testable, or observable physicalproperties, including mass, magnetism, relative density (sinking and floating using water as a reference point), physical state (solid, liquid, gas), volume, solubility in water, and the ability to conduct or insulate thermal energy and electric energy

PASSIVE TRANSPORT Cell membranes help organisms maintain homeostasis by controlling what substances may enter or leave cells. Some substances can cross the cell membrane without any input of energy by the cell in a process known as passive transport. DIFFUSION The simplest type of passive transport is diffusion. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. This difference in the concentration of molecules across a distance is called a concentration gradient. Consider what happens when you add a sugar cube to a beaker of water. As shown in Figure 5-1, the sugar cube sinks to the bottom of the beaker. This sinking makes the concentration of sugar mole- cules greater at the bottom of the beaker than at the top. As the cube dissolves, the sugar molecules begin to diffuse slowly through the water, moving towards the lower concentration at the top. Diffusion is driven entirely by the molecules’ kinetic energy. Molecules are in constant motion because they have kinetic energy. Molecules move randomly, traveling in a straight line until they hit an object, such as another molecule. When they hit some- thing, they bounce off and move in a new direction, traveling in another straight line. If no object blocks their movement, they con- tinue on their path. Thus, molecules tend to move from areas where they are more concentrated to areas where they are less concentrated, or “down” their concentration gradient. In the absence of other influences, diffusion will eventually cause the molecules to be in equilibrium—the concentration of molecules will be the same throughout the space the molecules occupy. Returning to the example in Figure 5-1, if the beaker of water is left undisturbed, at some point the concentration of sugar molecules will be the same throughout the beaker. The sugar concentration will then be at equilibrium. SECTION 1 OBJECTIVES ● Explain how an equilibrium is established as a result of diffusion. ● Distinguish between diffusion and osmosis. ● Explain how substances cross the cell membrane through facilitated diffusion. ● Explain how ion channels assist the diffusion of ions across the cell membrane. VOCABULARY passive transport diffusion concentration gradient equilibrium osmosis hypotonic hypertonic isotonic contractile vacuole turgor pressure plasmolysis cytolysis facilitated diffusion carrier protein ion channel Sugar Water 1 2 3 FIGURE 5-1 Sugar molecules, initially in a high concentration at the bottom of a beaker, , will move about randomly through diffusion, , and eventually reach equilibrium, . At equilibrium the sugar concentration will be the same throughout the beaker. Diffusion occurs naturally because of the kinetic energy the molecules possess. 3 2 1 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 98 CHAPTER 5 It is important to understand that even at equilibrium the ran- dom movement of molecules continues. But because there is an equal concentration of molecules everywhere, molecules are just as likely to move in one direction as in any other. The random movements of many molecules in many directions balance one another, and equilibrium is maintained. Diffusion Across Membranes Cell membranes allow some molecules to pass through, but not others. If a molecule can pass through a cell membrane, it will diffuse from an area of higher concentration on one side of the membrane to an area of lower concentration on the other side. Diffusion across a membrane is also called simple diffusion, and only allows certain molecules to pass through the membrane. The simple diffusion of a molecule across a cell membrane depends on the size and type of molecule and on the chemical nature of the membrane. A membrane can be made, in part, of a phospho- lipid bilayer, and certain proteins can form pores in the membrane. Molecules that can dissolve in lipids may pass directly through the membrane by diffusion. For example, because of their nonpolar nature, both carbon dioxide and oxygen dissolve in lipids. Molecules that are very small but not soluble in lipids may diffuse across the membrane by moving through the pores in the membrane.

ASEAN, international organization established by the governments of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand in 1967 to accelerate economic growth and promote peace and security in Southeast Asia. Brunei joined in 1984, followed by Vietnam in 1995, Laos and Myanmar in 1997, and Cambodia in 1999. East Timor has been granted observer status and is expected to become a full member in 2025. The ASEAN region has a population of more than 700 million, covers a total area of 1.7 million square miles (4.5 million square km), and had a combined gross domestic product of $3.62 trillion as of 2022. Since its establishment, ASEAN has substantially enhanced security and stability throughout Southeast Asia, while also promoting economic growth and cooperation on international issues. Yet certain regional issues remain divisive within ASEAN, such as Myanmar’s civil war, which has proved challenging for the bloc to address uniformly, and relations with China, particularly with regards to economic ties and territorial disputes in the South China Sea. ASEAN’s history ASEAN's 50th Summit ASEAN's 50th SummitDelegates from Southeast Asian nations gather at the 50th ASEAN Summit in Melbourne, March 2024. ASEAN’s origins can be traced back to earlier regional organizations such as the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), founded in 1954, and the Association of Southeast Asia (ASA), established in 1961. These early efforts, however, were limited in scope and membership. In 1967 ASEAN was established by Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Singapore with the signing of the ASEAN Declaration in Bangkok. The initial aim was to encourage regional cooperation and create a collective front against the spread of communism in Asia, reflecting the geopolitical concerns of the era. Lee Kuan Yew Lee Kuan YewPrime Minister Lee Kuan Yew of Singapore at the Third ASEAN Summit, 1987, in Manila. The organization gained a new level of cohesion in the mid-1970s following the Vietnam War. ASEAN’s first summit meeting, held in Bali, Indonesia, in 1976, resulted in several significant agreements, including the signing of the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation. The end of the Cold War and increased regional development and stability saw ASEAN expand its membership, incorporating Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, and Cambodia by the end of the 1990s. This period also marked a shift toward deeper economic integration, exemplified by the establishment of the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) in 1992 and the response to the 1997 Asian financial crisis with the Chiang Mai Agreement. The adoption of the ASEAN Charter in 2007 provided a legal and institutional framework defined by three core pillars: the ASEAN Economic Community, the ASEAN Political-Security Community, and the ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community. This structure has helped promote increased cooperation and mutual understanding, despite enormous differences in the political structures, cultural backgrounds, and development levels of member states.

Etymology explains the origin of the word itself. Example: Using the example term “arbitration”: Arbitration comes from the Latin judicium which means “judgment”. 2. History discusses the history of the term, its use, and controversies associated with it. Example: The use of arbitration as third-party mediation dates from the 1630s. 3. Cause and Effect discusses how the situation came about and what effects it may have. Example: An arbitration clause is considered to be ambiguous when the parties do not express clearly, that in case of conflict, the method to use to settle the disagreements will be arbitration. Hence, parties are compelled to refrain from signing confusing agreements to arbitrate, because the general rule is that arbitration is prompted out of the contract, and if there is not an explicit arbitration clause within the contract it would not be an agreement to arbitrate. 4. Description lists and defines the term. Example: Arbitration is the process of solving an argument between people by helping them to agree to an acceptable solution. It is the formal process of having an outside person, chosen by both sides to a disagreement to end the disagreement. 5. Principles of Operation discusses how something functions, including any special materials or conditions required. Example: Arbitration is conducted by a trained arbiter who sets down the rules that the parties must abide by. The object of arbitration is to obtain a fair resolution of disputes by an impartial third party without unnecessary expense or delay. Parties should be free to agree on how their disputes are resolved, subject only to such safeguards as are necessary for the public interest. Courts should not interfere. 5 6. Classification shows how the topic fits into a larger category. Example: Arbitration is one of the alternatives to going into a formal court to settle disputes. 7. Contrast shows how the topic differs from others in the same class. Example: In an arbitration proceeding, no lawyers are present. The main difference between arbitration and litigation law is that the court is involved in the case of litigation, as it is a lawsuit, whereas, in arbitration, a settlement between the parties is done outside of court. 8. Comparison shows how the topic is similar to others in the class. Example: As with lawsuits or other court proceedings, the decision in an arbitration proceeding is legally binding on the parties. 9. Analogy explains and compares two dissimilar topics, where the second is familiar to the audience. Example: An arbiter is like a referee–he or she listens to both sides and decides as to who is at fault, without the intervention of outside parties. 10.Examples represent other things because they have all the main qualities or characteristics that the thing they represent also have. Examples: Arbitration was used to settle the dispute between the labor union and management. Two people who are divorcing cannot agree on terms and allow a third party to come in to help them negotiate

WEATHER INSTRUMENTS • For the weather elements learnt, we use different instruments to measure and record them. • The instruments are: 1. A thermometer 2. A rain gauge 3. A wind vane 4. A cup anemometer 5. A hygrometer 6. A barometer 7. A Stevenson screen WEATHER INSTRUMENTS 1. Thermometer •It is used to measure temperature. •The unit of measurement is degrees Celcius (ᵒC). 2. Rain gauge •Is used to measure the amount of rainfall. •The unit of measurement is millimetres (mm). •In Zimbabwe more rains are experienced in summer. WEATHER INSTRUMENTS 3. Windvane •Used to determine the direction of the wind. •We always name the wind after the direction from which it blows. WEATHER INSTRUMENTS 4. Cup anemometer •It is used to measure wind speed. •It measures how quickly the set of cups turns around in a circle. •The unit of measurement is knots. 1 knot = 1.85km/hour WEATHER INSTRUMENTS 5. Barometer •It is used to measure atmospheric pressure. •Atmospheric pressure is the weight of the air on the earth. •If the pressure changes, it tells us that the weather is going to change. •High pressure means air is sinking and the weather will be clear. •Low pressure means the air is rising and there is a chance of rain. WEATHER INSTRUMENTS WEATHER INSTRUMENTS 6. Hygrometer •It is used to measure humidity. •Humidity is the amount of water vapour in the air

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