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Structures de programmation python
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Les structures de défense
verbs and structures followed by "de" before a noun or pronoun - scrambled answers
verbs and structures followed by "de" before a noun or pronoun - multichoice
verbs and structures followed by "de" before a noun or pronoun - free text
En una fiesta de cumpleaños: modals, direct object pronouns in 2-verb structures
La Isla de Pascua This 64-square mile island off Chileâs west coast goes by many names. Its English name is Easter Island, marking the day in 1722 when it was discovered by a European. In Spanish, it is called Isla de Pascua. The Rapa Nui, its first inhabitants, called it âThe Navel of the World.â Experts do not agree on the history of Easter Island. It is unclear where the first people came from or when they arrived. Many people believe they came from neighboring Polynesia around AD 300. This culture built 900 enormous stone statues for which the island is famous. The statues are known as moai. Most of the moai are made of volcanic tuff. Tuff is a soft rock made from the ash that is forced out during a volcanic eruption. It is easier to carve than hard stones like marble, but it is not ideal for carving small details. The moai are considered megaliths (large stones that form prehistoric monuments). They stand up to 33 feet high when on their ceremonial platform (the average height is about 13 feet), and they weigh up to 82 tons. They usually have a trunk (body), inset arms, and an exaggerated head with angular edges. The head of each moai takes up about one-third of the total figure. It all shows that the people who created them could engineer monumental structures. Many moai stand with their backs to the sea. They watch the island like protective markers. Some low-relief carvings of religious deities were added to the backs of the moai at a later date. Experts are still trying to understand how they were carved and moved, and what they might mean.  Chile took control of the island in 1888. At that time, its population was less than 200. The government used it for grazing livestock. Today, the mystery of Easter Island makes it a popular tourist spot. ValparaĂso ValparaĂso is a colorful blend of old and new traditions in Chile. This port city is an interesting example of daily life in Chile. Before the Panama Canal was opened in 1914, all ships traveling east to west had to pass all the way around South America. ValparaĂso was ideally positioned as a stopping point in the Southern Pacific. ValparaĂso has a long history of playing host to a large array of cultures and ideas. The city was known around the world as a place that embraced learning and new ideas. Pablo Neruda had a home in ValparaĂso in the 1920s. After the Panama Canal was completed, shipping traffic declined significantly. ValparaĂso was forgotten and fell upon hard times. In the 1990s, the government of Chile made an effort to revitalize the colorful port. Today it is a UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) World Heritage site. True to its history of embracing learning, it is also home to four universities. Tourists can visit the first stock exchange in Latin America. ValparaĂso also has Chileâs first public library. Visitors stroll through cobblestone streets in the historic district. Here they can also view the cityâs iconic colorful buildings. At night, music and street performers liven the experience. Try It Yourself Two Spanish words comprise the name of this city. Val means valley. Paraiso means paradise. The name ValparaĂso means Paradise Valley. Can you recognize descriptive Spanish words in other Spanish place names? Start with names of places around you. Las Comidas Tradicionales To Chileans, nothing says home like pastel de choclo, a type of casserole made of beef and corn. The body of the casserole is flavorful. It contains beef, onions, raisins, and roasted chicken. It is topped off with a layer of creamed corn and then baked. Baking it brings out the sweetness in the corn, adding a contrast to the savory meat. The preferred type of corn is called choclo. This variety is grown in rugged conditions in the Andes. The kernels are large and hearty compared to other varieties.         Another favorite dish in Chile is a type of meat stew called cazuela. Originally a native dish, it is now known as comfort food in Chile. Pork, beef, lamb, or chicken still on the bone is boiled in a traditional clay pot. To that, corn, potatoes, and other local vegetables are added. It is seasoned with onion and garlic. Pablo Rogat/Shutterstock When Chileans think about dessert, manjar is the first ingredient on their minds. It is a caramel sauce made from cooking milk, sugar, and vanilla. It is found in many desserts. It is used as filling in cakes, pies, and cookies. It is refrigerated to make puddings and custards. People even use it to sweeten their coffee.
I Le contrat de vente classique 1. LâintĂ©rĂȘt pour la PMI de connaĂźtre la diversitĂ© des contrats commerciaux Les PME-PMI sont rĂ©guliĂšrement amenĂ©es Ă conclure des contrats commerciaux. Il est donc nĂ©cessaire pour lâassistant(e) de gestion de connaĂźtre les diffĂ©rents contrats et les rĂšgles qui les rĂ©gissent. 2. Le transfert de propriĂ©tĂ© DĂšs quâil y a accord entre le vendeur et lâacheteur, il y a transfert de propriĂ©tĂ©. Lâacheteur doit donc assumer les risques dĂšs le transfert de propriĂ©tĂ©. Pour pallier ce risque, il peut prĂ©voir dans le contrat une clause de rĂ©serve en propriĂ©tĂ©, qui a pour effet de diffĂ©rer le transfert de la propriĂ©tĂ© et des risques quâil entraine jusqu'Ă conclusion totale du contrat. 3. Les obligations des parties Les garanties dans le contrat de vente se dĂ©composent ainsi : ï Les garanties obligatoires : o la garantie lĂ©gale de conformitĂ© permettant au client dâobtenir la rĂ©paration, le remboursement ou le remplacement du produit dĂ©fectueux o la garantie contre les vices cachĂ©s : se sont des dĂ©fauts non visibles au moment de lâachat qui rendent le bien inutilisable ï Les garanties complĂ©mentaires ou commerciales : elles sont facultatives pour le client. Elles peuvent ĂȘtre gratuites (mise Ă disposition dâun produit au client durant une rĂ©paration) ou payantes (extension de garantie pour lâachat dâune machine Ă laver) Exercice dâapplication 4. Les recours possibles Lorsquâune procĂ©dure est engagĂ©e, la juridiction compĂ©tente pour statuer lâaffaire est le tribunal de commerce du dĂ©fendeur si le client et lâentreprise sont des commerçants. Les sanctions les plus courantes sont : - infliger des pĂ©nalitĂ©s de retard - obtenir une rĂ©duction de prix - faire exĂ©cuter le contrat par une autre entreprise - obtenir des dommages et intĂ©rĂȘts II Les particularitĂ©s du contrat de vente commerciale Le contrat prĂ©sente certaines particularitĂ©s que la PME doit connaitre : On peut donc considĂ©rer quâun bon de commande est un contrat de vente commerciale, dans la mesure oĂč il rĂ©unit ses clauses. Enfin, il existe des situations ou les engagements peuvent diffĂ©rĂ©s. Câest le cas : - de la vente Ă distance : le client dispose dâun dĂ©lai de rĂ©tractation de 14 jours - la vente avec arrhes : si le client verse des arrhes, il pourra annuler le contrat mais perdra le montant versĂ© Ă lâentreprise. III Les contrats de maintenance et de sous6traitance 1. Le contrat de maintenance Câest un contrat par lequel une entreprise se charge de vĂ©rifier, dâentretenir ou de rĂ©parer un appareil technique ou une installation complexe. Il doit donc spĂ©cifier : - la dĂ©finition de la prestation et le lieu de rĂ©alisation - la durĂ©e du contrat - le prix unitaire ou forfaitaire 2. Le contrat de sous-traitance Il permet Ă une entreprise appelĂ©e « donneur dâordre » de confier la rĂ©alisation dâune prestation Ă une autre entreprise appelĂ©e « sous traitant ». Lâentreprise sâengage Ă payer le sous traitant selon les modalitĂ©s prĂ©vues dans le contrat et reste donc responsable de la rĂ©alisation de la prestation devant le client. Avantages et inconvĂ©nients de la sous-traitance : IV CrĂ©er un contrat via un rĂ©seau de franchise Afin de dĂ©velopper son activitĂ©, lâassistant(e) de gestion peut conclure des contrats commerciaux avec des partenaires Ă©trangers La franchise est une mĂ©thode de collaboration entre, dâune part, une entreprise, le franchiseur, et, dâautre part, une ou plusieurs entreprises, les franchisĂ©s. Son objet est dâexploiter un concept de franchise mis au point par le franchiseur. Tous sont porteurs de la mĂȘme enseigne, symbole de lâidentitĂ© et de la rĂ©putation du rĂ©seau. La garantie de qualitĂ© est assurĂ©e par la transmission et le contrĂŽle du respect du savoir-faire et par la mise Ă disposition dâune gamme homogĂšne de produits, de services et/ou de technologies. a. Le franchiseur Câest un entrepreneur indĂ©pendant qui a mis au point et exploitĂ© avec succĂšs un concept original dans plusieurs unitĂ©s pilotes. Il apporte Ă ses franchisĂ©s une formation initiale et permanente pour leur permettre dâappliquer son concept et consacre Ă la promotion de sa marque, Ă la recherche et Ă lâinnovation, les moyens humains et financiers permettant dâassurer le dĂ©veloppement et la pĂ©rennitĂ© de son concept. b. Le franchisĂ© Câest un entrepreneur indĂ©pendant sĂ©lectionnĂ© par le franchiseur. Il doit avoir la volontĂ© de collaborer loyalement Ă la rĂ©ussite du rĂ©seau de franchise en adhĂ©rant au principe dâhomogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© de ce rĂ©seau, tel que dĂ©fini par le franchiseur. Il engage des moyens financiers, afin de rĂ©tribuer le franchiseur pour ses apports (paiement dâun droit dâentrĂ©e et dâun pourcentage sur le chiffre dâaffaires). c. Les avantages et les inconvĂ©nients du contrat de franchise pour le franchiseur et pour le franchisĂ©. Avantages InconvĂ©nients Franchiseur â DĂ©velopper son rĂ©seau Ă moindres frais. â Faire des Ă©conomies dâĂ©chelle. â MaĂźtriser le dĂ©veloppement de son concept. â DĂ©velopper son image, sa notoriĂ©tĂ©. â Augmenter ses parts de marchĂ©. â AccroĂźtre son chiffre dâaffaires. â Organiser des campagnes publicitaires Ă lâĂ©chelon national. â Transmettre son savoir-faire Ă des commerçants indĂ©pendants. â Assurer une assistance technique et des formations. â Avoir des franchisĂ©s qui dĂ©prĂ©cient lâimage de lâentreprise. FranchisĂ© â Avoir une notoriĂ©tĂ© dĂšs lâouverture du commerce. â Rester un commerçant indĂ©pendant et ĂȘtre responsable de son entreprise. â BĂ©nĂ©ficier du savoir-faire du franchiseur. â BĂ©nĂ©ficier dâune assistance technique, de formations, dâune logistique dâapprovisionnements, etc. â Respecter la charte et les normes du franchiseur, ce qui limite sa libertĂ© de commerçant indĂ©pendant. â Sâacquitter des droits dâentrĂ©e et de redevance. â Avoir une obligation dâapprovisionnement exclusif chez le franchiseur. d. Les clĂ©s de la rĂ©ussite de cette forme de commerce Les clĂ©s de la rĂ©ussite sont : â la collaboration commerciale et technique ; â lâassociation du savoir-faire du franchiseur et de lâesprit entrepreneurial du franchisĂ© ; â les structures organisationnelles sont plus simples et plus Ă©conomiques quâen succursalisme car un bon franchisĂ© est motivĂ© et nâa pas besoin dâĂȘtre poussĂ© ; â câest un systĂšme rapide et Ă©volutif pour couvrir un marchĂ© car investissements et compĂ©tences sont partagĂ©es. e. Les chiffres clĂ©s de la franchise en 2019 f. La typologie des franchisĂ©s âą 60% des franchisĂ©s sont des hommes âą 50% des franchisĂ©s ont entre 35 et 49 ans âą 66% des franchisĂ©s sont dâanciens salariĂ©s du privĂ© âą Chaque franchisĂ© emploie en moyenne 7 salariĂ©s âą 84% des rĂ©seaux sont toujours la propriĂ©tĂ© de leur fondateur âą Chaque rĂ©seau crĂ©e en moyenne 8 nouveaux points de vente par an âą 29% des rĂ©seaux ont des points de vente Ă lâĂ©tranger
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