natural disturbances

human-caused disturbances

species that move into an area at later stages of ecological succession

species that enter new ecosystems and multiply, harming native species and their habitats

succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists

Succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil

First species to populate an area during primary succession

primary purpose of pioneer species

how plants arrive in a new area

primary physical factors of the nature of new community that develops

threats to climax communities

only options of competetive exclusion principle

lichen are eventually replaced by these

problems with invasive species

the maximum number of individuals of a particular species that an ecosystem can support

limiting factor that depends on population size

limiting factor that affects all population the same regardless of size

most common population distribution ; individuals in clusters ; "safety in numbers"

the area inhabited by a population

Number of individuals per unit area

least common population distribution pattern

a model used in population geography that describes the ages and number of males and females within a given population

the shape of the exponential growth model when graphed

the shape of the logistic growth model when graphed

the specific study of human populations