Antibodies are the soluble components of the immune system

Group the components of the immune system

The word "antigen" comes from

The usual components of antigens

The antigenic determinant site

Antigens react specifically with

Each antigen has only one epitope

What are specific glycoproteins produced by plasma cells (activated B cells) in response to an antigen? They circulate in the plasma or liquid portion of blood and are present in secretions like saliva

Antibodies are up of ____ polypeptide chains - two heavy chains and two light chains- held together by disulfide bonds

An antigen-binding site, also called a _____ , is a part of an antibody which recognizes and binds to an antigen

The binding or coating of pathogens to make them easier to recognize for immunological attack is called?

Group the Immunoglobulins accurately

Link the Ig classes accurately based on their usual formation

Link the function to the Ig

_____ directly recognize and destroy infected cell (Cytotoxic T cells; T_C)

T Cells work with B cells (Helper T cells; T_H) to regulate antibody production. They shut down immune response when no longer needed (Suppressor T cells; T_S)

Pick all TRUE about B Cells

I originate from bone marrow stem cells then mature in the thymus, I am?

I both originate and develop in the bone marrow, I am?

_____ function similar to cytotoxic T cells but do not require antigen for stimulation

T Cells both circulate and also reside in lymphoid tissues like the other immune cells (NK and B cells)

What do T Cells and NK Cells have in common that B cells do not?

All NK cells develop or mature in the thymus

Humoral immunity is ____ 

Humoral immunity involves T-cell interaction with antigen-presenting cells (Macrophages and B lymphocytes)

Antibody-Mediated immunity is mediated by helper T cells and involves the activity of B cells and antibody production

In antibody-antigen reactions, the entire molecule does not react, only fragments and there is denaturation after the reaction

Binding of antigen and antibody is firm but reversible and depends on _____ and _____

Binding between antigen-antibody involves ____ bonds between antigenic determinants (epitopes) and variable regions of antibodies (paratope)

The strength of the reaction between a single antigenic determinant and a single combining site on the antibody is 

Avidity is the sum of the attractive and repulsive forces operating between the antigenic determinant and a single combining site

_____ is a measure of the overall strength of binding of an antigen with many antigenic determinants and multivalent antibodies

High avidity cannot compensate for low affinity

Avidity is influenced by both the ____  of the antibody and the ____ of the antigen

Antibodies may show _____ by binding to other antigens that share chemical properties with the original antigen. This occurs if two different antigens share an identical or very similar epitope

The antibody’s affinity for the cross- reacting epitope is usually the same as that for the original epitope

Group the Characteristics of the Antibody Types

A hybridoma cell is made by fusion of ...

What makes the spleen cells used for hybridoma production absent after the selection process?

Why do the unfused myeloma cells not survive the selection process in monoclonal antibody production?

Antigen and antibody reactions in vivo are known as serological tests

Most serologic tests are adapted to detect Ig__

Antibodies that produce agglutinations are called ____

Link the Serological tests to their descriptions

What type of antigen results in a visible precipitate upon interaction with antibodies?

Bacterial (Direct) Agglutination measures the antibody level produced by a host infected with that pathogen and uses whole pathogen as a source of antigen

The binding of antibodies to surface antigens on the bacteria results in  ____ formation which is seen visually as clumps

Antigens or antibodies are absorbed onto the surface of particles known as carriers (latex beads, colloidal charcoal, bacterial cells) in what test type?

Co-agglutination tests are used for the identification of streptococci (Lancefield groups A, B, C, D, F, G, and N), Salmonella Enterotoxin

Latex agglutination cannot detect  as little as 0.1 ng/ml bacterial polysaccharides

"Antigen-specific antibodies are treated with innactivated cells of Staphylococcus aureus, which contain protein A. Protein A binds to the base of the antibody heavy chain, leaving antigen-binding ends free to bind antigen." This describes?

In the Latex bead method, the beads can be coated with either antigen or antibodies depending on what is tested for.

Why is S. aureus with protein A used for the co-agglutination test?

Latex agglutination and Co-agglutination are types of direct agglutination tests

A visible antigen-antibody complex in a precipitation test is called a ____ , and in vitro assays that produce this are called precipitin reactions

Most precipitin tests use a polyclonal antiserum rather than monoclonal antibodies

Precipitation tests detect soluble antigen using ...

What is the zone of equivalence?

Pick all TRUE about Double Immunodiffusion method

Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) is faster than Double Immunodiffusion, but what are the draw-backs?

Where is a Magnet particle concentrator (MPC) used?

"Pre-enriched sample is mixed with uniform, superparamagnetic, monodisperse, polymer beads coated with a ligand directed against the specified target" applies to?

Order the steps for Immunofluorescence Assays

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) consists of antibodies bonded to enzymes ( e.g. ____  or ____ ) that yield a visually recognizable end product

Types of ELISA

Direct Solid-Phase Immunosorbent Assay (SPIA)

Which is wrong about Indirect SPIA

Lateral Flow Tests (strip tests) Techniques use the capture of flowing, color-labeled antigen- antibody complexes by fixed antibodies, making it an immunochromatographic assay

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Western blot) acts as what for all +ve ELISA assays, in which two or more “key” bands indicate a +ve?

Organize the major steps in the Western Blot