the Russian ruler in the 1700s who expanded Russia’s empire, including acquiring a warm water port on the Black Sea

a nineteenth-century Russian policy requiring everyone in the empire to speak Russian and to become a Christian

the German philosopher who developed modern communism

a country controlled by another country, notably Eastern European

countries controlled by the Soviet Union after World War II

a system of public ownership of all property and a classless society

with equal sharing of wealth

a policy instituted by Mikhail Gorbachev that promoted greater political and social openness in Russia

the Russian ruler in the 1600s who strengthened the military, expanded Russia’s territory to make “a window on the West,” and developed trade with Western Europe

a policy of reform and restructuring of the Soviet government and

economy in the 1980s begun by Mikhail Gorbachev

the trade of consumer goods not available under the government sanctioned channels

the system in which businesses are owned privately, not by the state,

and trade is competitive instead of completely regulated

Mount Elbrus, which is located ____________________, is a popular destination for skiers and hikers.

The Ural Mountains mark the traditional boundary between

What river is important as a transportation route and source of hydroelectric power in Russia and is the longest river in Europe?

Ethnic Russians today are descendants of ____________________ farmers and hunters who settled the Northern European Plain in the A.D. 600s.

The rich, black soil that supports agriculture in the southern part of the Northern European Plain is called

After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the government encouraged ____________________ which favored the wealthy.

During ____________________, hardships led to worker strikes and protests for “bread and freedom,” which eventually triggered the Russian Revolution.

Why has the Russian sturgeon population declined?

Despite environmental concerns about locating a paper-pulp factory near Lake ____________________, the factory was built and caused substantial water pollution in the world’s oldest and deepest lake.

Because of concern about the damage it could cause to the environment and salmon spawning grounds, environmental groups have demanded strict regulations on ____________________ in remote Kamchatka.