an island chain in present-day Indonesia, which Europeans in the 1400s called the Spice Islands because it was the chief source of spices

a person who makes maps

established East African coastal city and hub of international trade, attacked in the 1400s by Portuguese explorers to expel the Arabs who controlled East African trade routes, so they could take over those routes for themselves

treaty signed between Spain and Portugal in 1494, which divided the non-European world between them

line set by the Treaty of Tordesillas dividing the non-European world into two zones, one controlled by Spain and the other by Portugal

the first permanent European settlement in Africa, established by the Dutch in 1652

Dutch farmers who settled in Cape Town, Africa, and eventually migrated inland

a distant military station or a remote settlement

a trading company established with full sovereign powers by the Netherlands in 1602 to protect and expand its trade in Asia

having full, independent power

a country in southeastern Asia made up of several thousand islands; seized by the Spanish in the 1500s; became an important link in Spain's overseas trading empire as the destination of silver fleets sent from the Americas

Indian soldier who served in an army set up by the French or English trading companies

people originally from Manchuria, north of China, who conquered the Ming dynasty and ruled China as the Qing dynasty from the mid-1600s to the early 1900s

dynasty established by the Manchus in the mid-1600s that lasted until the early 1900s; China's last dynasty

Japanese city; on an island in its harbor, the Tokugawa shoguns in the 1600s permitted one or two Dutch ships to trade with Japan each year

"conqueror" in Spanish; a leader in the Spanish conquests of America, Mexico, and Peru in the sixteenth century

resistance, such as the power to keep from being affected by a disease

capital city of the Aztec empire

a relationship in which people agree to work together

(c. 1476-June 26, 1541) was born into a very poor Spanish family and in 1513 joined Balboa's expedition to discover the "South Sea." In 1532, he arrived in Peru with his brothers, deposed the Incan ruler Atahualpa, conquered Peru, founded Lima in 1535, and was later assassinated by Spanish rivals.

a war fought between groups of people in the same nation

Dutch, English, and French pirates who preyed on treasure ships from the Americas in the 1500s, operating with the approval of European governments

representative of the king of Spain who ruled colonies in his name

the right, granted by Spanish monarchs to conquistadors, to demand labor or tribute from Native Americans in a particular area

a worker forced to labor for a landlord to pay off a debt that is impossible to pay off in his or her lifetime, which is incurred by food, tool, or seeds the landlord has advanced to him or her

in Spanish colonial America, an American-born descendant of Spanish settlers

French possessions in present-day Canada from the 1500s to 1763

(1491-1557) is credited with naming Canada. He is also recognized for his limited exploration of the St. Lawrence River, stopped short by severe weather and hostile Iroquois Indians.

money taken in through taxes

(c. 1450-c. 1499) had his early roots in Venice, Italy, working in a mercantile firm. He became a navigator and explorer who, during 1497-1498, claimed parts of Canada for Britain.

English Protestants who rejected the Church of England

an agreement among people

war between Britain and France in the Americas that happened from 1754 to 1763; it was part of a global war called the Seven Years' War

treaty of 1763 that ended the Seven Years' War and resulted in British dominance of the Americas

large estate run by an overseer and worked by laborers who live there

someone sent to do religious work in a territory or foreign country

colonial trade routes among Europe and its colonies, the West Indies, and Africa in which goods were exchanged for slaves

the leg of the triangular trade route on which slaves were transported from Africa to the Americas

revolt, especially of soldiers or sailors against their officers

kingdom that emerged in the 1700s in present-day Ghana and was active in the slave trade

complete control of a product or business by one person or group

the global exchange of goods, ideas, plants and animals, and disease that began with Columbus's journey to the Americas

A period of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism which lasted from about the 1500s until the early 1700s. It included the growth of capitalism, banking, and investing.

economic cycle that involves a rapid rise in prices linked to a sharp increase in the amount of money available

period in European history when inflation rose rapidly

economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and operated for profit

An economic system, also known as capitalism, in which private businesses are able to compete with each other with little control by government. Products, prices, and services are driven by free market laws of supply and demand rather than government regulations.

person who assumes financial risk in the hope of making a profit

policy by which a nation sought to export more than it imported in order to build its supply of gold and silver

tax on imported goods