Two Roads Vocabulary, List B

Community Government Introduction. A community is a place where people live, work, and play. A community can be large, like a city, or small, like a town or village. People run their community with a government. The people in the government are part of the community. City Government Leaders. The mayor is the leader of the community. If someone wants to be mayor, he or she runs in an election. When people vote, they make a choice. People vote for a mayor in an election every two or four years. People vote for the person they think will be the best mayor. The person with the most votes becomes mayor. The mayor is in charge of many departments, such as the police department and the fire department. The mayor is usually in charge of the town or city council. The council decides how money is spent in the community. It might spend money to build or fix roads, buildings, and parks. It has meetings for people to talk about ideas for the community. Laws in a Community. The mayor and council also work together to make laws. Laws are important. A community needs laws to keeр people safe and keep the community clean. Some laws say how fast cars can go on the roads. Other laws say people must not throw their trash on the ground. Police officers make sure people follow the laws. They also help people who are in trouble. When people break the laws, they may go to court. In court, a judge or a jury decides whether someone broke the law. A judge is the head of the court. A jury is a group of people from the community. The jury listens to both sides and decides whether someone broke the law. Sometimes there is no jury, and the judge decides. If the judge or jury decides that someone broke the law, the judge decides the punishment. Other Jobs in the Community Other people in the government also help the community. Firefighters put out fires and help people get away from fires. Emergency workers help people who are sick or hurt. They may take people to a hospital. Conclusion. The community government is important. It makes a difference in the lives of people every day. The government gives people in a community a good and safe place to live. People can make a difference in their government, too. They can run in an election. They can vote. They can speak at community meetings. They can also offer to help in parks and other places. What can you do to make a difference?

A Brief History of Washington’s Crossing of the Delaware River, Christmas Night 1776... In the fall of 1776, General George Washington and his army had suffered a series of defeats at the hands of the British Army. The Continental Army had lost every battle with the British in the New York campaign: Long Island, Manhattan, Brooklyn Heights, Harlem and White Plains and had surrendered Fort Washington and Fort Lee. At Fort Lee, the army barely escaped and was forced to leave behind its store of provisions, ammunition, and many of its weapons. A sense of defeat had settled around Washington as he was forced to retreat across New Jersey in November and finally to Pennsylvania on December 8, 1776. The British, at least, considered the war over. By December 11th, the only reason the British had not taken Philadelphia, the seat of the Continental Congress, was that Washington had ordered every boat in the Delaware River on the New Jersey side to be brought to the Pennsylvania side, thus denying the British army transportation. Washington knew that the British would be capable of resuming an offensive by crossing the Delaware once it iced over. As the harsh winter set in, the morale of the American troops was at an all-time low. The soldiers were forced to deal with a lack of both food and warm clothing, while Washington watched his army shrink because of desertions and expiring enlistments. Now, more than ever, a victory was desperately needed. Washington devised a courageous plan to take the offensive and cross the Delaware River on Christmas night and attack the Hessian garrison at Trenton, New Jersey, nine miles south of his encampment near McConkey's Ferry. The original plan called for three divisions to cross the Delaware under the cover of darkness. Lt. Col. John Cadwalader's division was to cross at Bristol and engage the southern most contingent of British forces — Hessian troops under the command of Colonel von Donop. General James Ewing's division was to cross at Trenton Ferry and take a position south of Assunpink Creek below Trenton and hold the bridge over that stream. Washington's division was to cross at McConkey's Ferry and then divide into two corps under General Nathanael Greene and General John Sullivan. Their point of attack was Trenton and the Hessian troops quartered there under the command of Colonel Johann Gottlieb Rall. The boats to be used for the crossing were gathered earlier in the month in compliance with General Washington's orders, primarily as a defensive measure. Various types of boats had been collected, most notably the large Durham boats used to carry pig iron down the Delaware to the Philadelphia markets. There were a number of problems in moving a large number of men, cannons, and supplies in an age when overland transportation was by foot and animal power. The roads were rutted and winding. There were no bridges over major rivers because the technology did not exist to span great distances. A river like the Delaware was crossed by ferry, sometimes out of service because of ice floes or floods, and certainly not designed to carry masses of men and equipment across quickly. A river could be a formidable natural barrier to an army on the move. Washington had several logistical concerns for the crossing. In addition to the troops were the cannon; each of which required at least two horses to pull it. The heavier twelve pounders, and probably the eight pounders, had four horses. There would have been between four and six ammunitions wagons. Officers of the rank of colonel or higher may have had horses. In sum, Washington had to move 2,400 men, eighteen cannons, at least four ammunition wagons and fifty to seventy-five horses across the Delaware River the night of December 25, 1776. Fully expecting to be supported by Cadwalader's and Ewing's divisions south of Trenton, Washington assembled his own troops near McKonkey's Ferry in preparation for the crossing. By 6:00 pm, 2,400 men had begun crossing the ice-chocked river. There was an abrupt change in the weather, forcing the men to fight their way through sleet and a blinding snowstorm. The river was flooded with sheets of ice moving at eleven or twelve miles per hour. These obstacles proved to be too much for the two supporting divisions led by Generals Cadwalader and Ewing, who did not cross at their assigned points along the river. It was Washington's pure force of will and determination that led to his troops' successful crossing of the river. Increasing Washington's odds were the sailors of Marblehead, Massachusetts. This group of hardened seamen, led by Col. John Glover, were used to the Nor'easters of New England. Sheer determination and muscles conditioned to the demands of rowing under the weather conditions now facing the Continental army enabled the Marbleheaders to row back and forth across the Delaware countless times. During the time of the Revolution, American soldiers marched single file along the margins of the roads. They were only assembled into a battle line (three deep) when they reached the battlefield. The battle plan had Washington's army marching in two divisions... General Greene's and General Sullivan's. They made a night march in two columns on separate roads, a very tricky operation that was prone to failure since the columns needed to arrive at the battlefield at the same time to carry out the surprise attack planned by Washington. The American army carried out the march flawlessly. Against all odds, Washington and his men successfully completed the crossing and marched to Trenton on the morning of December 26th and, in the resulting battle, achieved a resounding victory over the Hessians. By moving ahead with his bold and daring plan, General Washington reignited the cause of freedom and gave new life to the American Revolution.

A. Hiking in Finland I've just come back from Finland. My friends from university invited me to join them on an eight-day hike. The walk is called the Bear Trail and it is in the Oulanka National Park in north-eastern Finland. It's a beautiful walk through forests and across rivers and lakes. We stayed at campsites and carried clothes, food and tents on our backs. I'm not the fittest person in the world but I was able to finish. I loved the incredibly clear air, the beautiful views and the sounds of nature. In my opinion, it is perfect for anyone who wants to start long distance walking as it is almost completely flat and well-signposted. Just try not to fill your backpack up with things which you won't need. B. Camino di Santiago It was the walk of a lifetime. Eight hundred kilometres from the south of France, over the Pyrenees mountains and across northern Spain to Santiago de Compostela. It all started so well. The path up to the Pyrenees was magical and it was good to meet other people doing the same walk. Everyone was enthusiastic about the walk ahead. But in Spain, the route often followed roads. It was noisy and monotonous, with unchanging views for hours and hours. More and more people joined the walk. They were generally friendly but it wasn't the experience I expected. I'd like to go back to the Pyrenees and hike there again but I'll stop there next time. C. The GR20, Corsica Corsica is a magnificent island with some wonderfully picturesque walks along the coast and inland. But for walkers, it is famous for the GR20, Europe's most difficult long distance walk. It goes from north to south and up and down from two hundred metres to over 2,200 metres above sea level. The frighteningly steep and rocky paths are beautiful but very demanding. Our guides will help you to complete the whole 180 km in fifteen days. The price includes transport, accommodation in tents and food. You should be in good health with experience of mountain walking and a good head for heights. No climbing experience is necessary.

This funny story is about two friends. One is honest but foolish. The other is dishonest but fears law and police. Read about the foolishness they wanted to hide from everyone. of Prakash and Prasanna, who put up placards to tell the world what Prakash lived in a village near Agra. He was an honest man. One day, he found a gold ring on the road. He looked around and shouted loudly, "Whose gold ring is this?" Now, this ring had fallen off from a rich merchant's finger. Fortunately, the rich merchant was nearby and heard Prakash shout. He checked his finger and lo, his ring was missing! He quickly walked up to Prakash and looked at the ring. "Oh, my!" The merchant thought, 'this is my ring. So, he took it from Prakash and put it on his finger. The rich merchant was so impressed with Prakash's honesty that he gave him fifteen silver coins. Prakash had never seen so many silver coins before. He was very happy. At the same time, he was scared that someone might steal the silver coins. He thought he would keep them with a friend, but he realised that, that would not be safe, then he thought that he would put them in a purse and carry the purse with him wherever he went, but he realised that, that too would be unsafe! Suddenly, an idea struck him. He would hide the coins in his little garden! So, he dug a hole in hes ganken and hid the coins in it. He covered the coins with fresh mad. But still he w not at ease. He thought. What if someone comes into my garden and takes away the csins? He could not sleep the whole night. The thought of the coins being stolen nagged him How you think Prakash will be the sims safe? He thought and thinight, and an idea struck him. He went to the market and bought a brush and some paint. With the paint and the brush, he wrote the followitg wonds on a placard: NO MONEY IS HIDDEN HERE and put the placard near the hole where he had hidden the slver coins Some days later, Prasanna, Prakash's friend, came to visit him. He found the door locked and decided to have a stroll in the garden till Prakash came back There, he saw the writing on the placard. He was surprised. He wondered why Prakash had written these words. Soon, he knew the reason. He sat down and began to dig the mund. The mud was loose and soft. He dug out the fresh mud and pushed his hands into the hole. As he did this, his hands touched something hard and cold. He had found the coins! He took the coins and put them in his pockets. He wanted to run home, but realised that someone might find out that he had stolen the coins. The police would catch him and put him in jail. He began to feel anxious and scared Prasanna began to think. An idea flashed in his mind. He took the brush and paint that Prakash had left in the gardem and wrote something on a piece of paper and pasted it un the placard. This is what he wrote: I HAVE NOT STOLEN ANY MONEY FROM THE HOLE IN THE GARDEN ASIAMAN HONESTMAN PRASANNA....

Understanding the differences between bacteria and viruses is important because they affect our health differently. In this study guide, we'll explore the key distinctions between these two microorganisms. Section 1: Bacteria What are Bacteria? Bacteria are tiny, single-celled living organisms. They are found everywhere, including in soil, water, and inside our bodies. Shape and Structure: Bacteria have different shapes like rods, spheres, and spirals. They have a cell wall that surrounds their cell membrane. Reproduction: Bacteria reproduce by dividing in half, a process called binary fission. This allows them to multiply quickly. Living or Nonliving: Bacteria are considered living because they can grow, reproduce, and respond to their environment. Section 2: Viruses What are Viruses? Viruses are smaller than bacteria and are not considered living organisms. They are made up of genetic material (either DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. Shape and Structure: Viruses come in various shapes but are much simpler than bacteria. They lack the cell structures found in bacteria. Reproduction: Viruses cannot reproduce on their own. They need a host cell (like a human cell) to replicate and make more viruses. Living or Nonliving: Viruses are considered nonliving because they cannot perform life processes without a host cell. Section 3: Differences Now, let's compare bacteria and viruses: Size: Bacteria are larger than viruses. Living or Nonliving: Bacteria are living organisms. Viruses are non-living entities. Reproduction: Bacteria reproduce on their own through binary fission. Viruses need a host cell to replicate. Structure: Bacteria have complex structures with cell walls. Viruses are simpler, consisting of genetic material and a protein coat. Treatment: Bacterial infections are treated with antibiotics. Viral infections are typically managed with antiviral medications (if available) or through the body's immune response. Section 4: Examples Examples of bacteria-related and virus-related illnesses: Bacterial Infections: Strep throat, Urinary tract infections (UTIs), Tuberculosis Viral Infections: Influenza (Flu), Common cold, HIV/AIDS Conclusion: Understanding the differences between bacteria and viruses can help us stay healthy and make informed decisions about treatment. Remember that while bacteria can be both helpful and harmful, viruses rely on our cells to replicate and cause infections.

When this lady died I descended like real estate in fee simple to her son Benjamin Stiles, Esq[uire]. About four years after her death, her two sons, Benjamin and David, were drafted to fight in the revolution. I also entered the banners of freedom. Alas! Poor African Slave, to liberate freemen, my tyrants. I had contemplated going to Barbados to avenge myself and my country… I went into Capt. [Samuel] Granger’s company, from hence I was drafted into Capt. [Samuel] Barker’s company of light infantry… ...I suddenly discovered a man riding up to me not more than eight rods distant on full speed with a pistol in his hand and ordered me to lay down my arms [weapons]... He said I must surrender to him who demanded me in the name of the King his majesty of Great Britain. I then plainly told him that neither him or his King’s majesty would get my arms unless he took them by force. He immediately cocked his pistol and fired. I fell flat upon the ground in order to dodge his ball… ...Finally, I was in the battles at Cambridge, White Plains, Monmouth, Princeton, Newark, Frog’s Point, Horseneck where I had a ball pass through my knapsack. All which battles the reader can obtain a more perfect account of in history than I can give. At last we returned to West Point and were discharged [1783], as the war was over. Thus was I, a slave for five years fighting for liberty. ...After we were disbanded, I returned to my old master at Woodbury [Connecticut], with whom I lived one year, my services in the American war having emancipated me from further slavery and from being bartered or sold. My master consented that I might go where I pleased and seek my fortune. Hearing flattering accounts of the new state of Vermont, I left Woodbury and travelled as far as the town of Lenox in Massachusetts, where for the first time I made a bargain as a freeman for labor. I let [hired] myself to a Mr. Elisha Orsborn for one month at the price of five dollars. When I had fulfilled this contract, I travelled to the town of Poltney in Vermont. There again I let myself to a Mr. Abiel Parker for the sum of thirteen pounds ten shillings, for six months. Here I enjoyed the pleasures of a freeman; my food was sweet, my labor pleasure: and one bright gleam of life seemed to shine upon me.

Success Story Yesterday afternoon Frank Hawkins was telling me about his experiences as a young man. Before he retired, Frank was the head of a very large business company, but as a boy he used to work in a small shop. It was his job to repair bicycles and at that time he used to work fourteen hours a day. He saved money for years and in 1958 he bought a small workshop of his own. In his twenties Frank used to make spare parts for aeroplanes. At that time he had two helpers. In a few years the small workshop had become a large factory which employed seven hundred and twenty-eight people. Frank smiled when he remembered his hard early years and the long road to success. He was still smiling when the door opened and his wife came in. She wanted him to repair their grandson's bicycle!

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