Theory developed by Immanuel Wallerstein that explains the emergence of a core, periphery, and semi periphery in terms of economic and political connections first established at the beginning of exploration in the late 15th century and maintained through increased economic access up until the present.

developed, economically, socially thriving w/ technology EX. US, Canada, Western Europe

industrializing, mostly capitalist countries which are positioned between the periphery and core countries according to United Nations data

the least developed and least powerful nations; often exploited by the core countries as sources of raw materials, cheap labor, and markets

Brazil, Russia, India China and South Africa. Acronym used to describe the countries that are expected to dominate global manufacturing during the twenty first century.

The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth's surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry.

The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials.

The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment.

the actual location of a settlement on the earth, composed of the physical characteristics of the landscape specific to the area.

the location of a place relative to other places

relational concept that acquires meaning and sense when related to other concepts

hierarchy of spaces: local, regional, national, global

the way things are laid out and organized on the surface of the Earth

the process of increased interconnectedness among countries most notably in the areas of economics, politics, and culture

Differences that are maintained around the world between places/ cultural groups no matter how much globalization spreads

decline of activity or function with increasing distance from its point of origin

the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape

A doctrine that claims that cultural traits are formed and controlled by environmental conditions.

The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.

Defined by geographer Edward Relph as the loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next (Walmart)

State of mind derived through the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion by remembering important events that occurred in that place or by labeling a place with a certain character.

when things are farther apart, they tend to be less well connected

the rapid innovation of communication and transportation technologies associated with globalization that transforms the way people think about space and time

meeting an increased demand for resources (energy, food, fuel) in a way that protects the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

The spread of information, ideas, behaviors, and other aspects of culture from their hearths to wider areas

The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process.

the spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places

the spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another

The distance-controlled spreading of an idea, innovation, or some other item through a local population by contact from person to person.

a form of diffusion in which a cultural adaptation is created as a result of the introduction of a cultural trait from another place

When a trait spreads from areas of little influence to larger areas.

The region from which innovative ideas originate

describes an area on Earth marked by similarity in some way (a way to organize space)

region marked by a shared trait (cultural, physical, etc.) e.g. The Keys, The Caribbean

region marked by a particular set of activities that occur

a region defined by popular feelings and images rather than by objective data

a characteristic that members of a certain group, area, or region all share in common

the organization of earth's surface into distinct areas that are viewed as different from other areas

the spatial expression of a popular custom in one location that will be similar to another