The cat with the black and white spots (sleeps, sleep) on the couch.

The bookstore next to the university which stocks academic texts (has, have) extended hours during finals.

The pair of shoes (was, were) left at the door.

The pattern of waking up early every day (indicates, indicate) a disciplined lifestyle.

The car with the new tires and shiny rims (drives, drive) smoothly.

Infer the meaning of the word Orthodox based on the context clues provided in the paragraphs. Paragraph 1 (Character Reaction): His methods, though outdated to some, mirrored the long-held customs passed down through generations of practitioners. Paragraph 2 (Cause and Effect): Because the institution preferred familiar procedures, it resisted experimental techniques. Paragraph 3 (Contrast): While newer groups embraced unconventional strategies, this organization clung to established standards.

Infer the meaning of the word Consensus based on the context clues provided in the paragraphs. Paragraph 1 (Character Reaction): After discussing, everyone nodded in unison, supporting the same proposal. Paragraph 2 (Cause and Effect): Because all departments agreed on the plan, implementation went smoothly. Paragraph 3 (Contrast): While earlier meetings were divided, this one ended with total unity.

Infer the meaning of the word Dogmatic based on the context clues provided in the paragraphs. Paragraph 1 (Character Reaction): No matter how much evidence they showed him, he insisted his opinion was unquestionably right. Paragraph 2 (Cause and Effect): Because she refused to consider alternatives, the meeting stalled. Paragraph 3 (Contrast): While others adapted their ideas, Nora clung to hers rigidly.

Infer the meaning of the word Substantiate based on the context clues provided in the paragraphs. Paragraph 1 (Character Reaction): She gathered documents, charts, and firsthand accounts to strengthen her argument into proof instead of rested on speculation. Paragraph 2 (Cause and Effect): Because the witnesses shared recordings that aligned with his statement, the committee accepted the story. Paragraph 3 (Contrast): While some claims floated without support, this one was reinforced with tangible evidence.

Infer the meaning of the word Championed based on the context clues provided in the paragraphs. Paragraph 1 (Character Reaction): When she spoke in the meeting, several students nodded, grateful that someone finally spoke up for the overlooked program. Paragraph 2 (Cause and Effect): Because he repeatedly explained why the project mattered, more volunteers joined the effort. Paragraph 3 (Contrast): While many stayed silent, Leah consistently encouraged others to back the proposal.

Infer the meaning of the word Discrepancy based on the context clues provided in the paragraphs. Paragraph 1 (Character Reaction): She frowned when her total didn’t match his calculation. Paragraph 2 (Cause and Effect): Because the records listed two separate dates, the team questioned their accuracy. Paragraph 3 (Contrast): While most measurements matched exactly, this one stood out as inconsistent.

Infer the meaning of the word Feasible based on the context clues provided in the paragraphs. Paragraph 1 (Character Reaction): After examining the timeline, she concluded the plan could genuinely succeed. Paragraph 2 (Cause and Effect): Because the method required only moderate adjustments, the team believed implementation was realistic. Paragraph 3 (Contrast): While some proposals sounded inspiring, this one could actually be completed.

Infer the meaning of the word Veritable based on the context clues provided in the paragraphs. Paragraph 1 (Character Reaction): The relic proved to be a true artifact from the era. Paragraph 2 (Cause and Effect): Because multiple experts confirmed its origin, its authenticity was undeniable. Paragraph 3 (Contrast): While other items were replicas, this one stood as the real thing.

Infer the meaning of the word Rebut based on the context clues provided in the paragraphs. Paragraph 1 (Character Reaction): When the speaker presented flawed statistics, she responded calmly yet decisively, pointing out each error until the original claim collapsed. Paragraph 2 (Cause and Effect): Because new data cast doubt on the earlier conclusion, researchers challenged the study’s validity with detailed explanations. Paragraph 3 (Contrast): While some accepted the statement without question, he worked methodically to dismantle its logic.

Infer the meaning of the word Homogenous based on the context clues provided in the paragraphs. Paragraph 1 (Character Reaction): Every plant in the field looked nearly the same height and color. Paragraph 2 (Cause and Effect): Because the students wore identical uniforms, instructors struggled to tell them apart. Paragraph 3 (Contrast): While one neighborhood was diverse, the next had houses that looked almost exactly alike.

Environmental scientists compared heat-retention rates of paved areas with and without tree canopy cover during a heatwave. Areas shaded by urban trees retained significantly less heat than unshaded areas. Measurements were taken at identical times of day. Proposed Conclusion: Tree canopy cover reduced heat retention compared with unshaded pavement in this study. Question: Is the proposed conclusion logically correct?

Economists long believed oil-shock effects were mainly explained by country-specific features such as oil import–export ratios. A recent dataset showed that in the same country, within the same decade, estimates of responsiveness to oil shocks varied by more than a factor of five. Proposed Conclusion: Country-level characteristics alone cannot account for heterogeneity in oil-shock responsiveness. Question: Is the proposed conclusion logically correct?

Marine scientists measured bleaching severity in coral species subjected to controlled heat stress. Bleaching was significantly reduced in colonies exposed to daily microbial-conditioning treatments compared with untreated colonies. Proposed Conclusion: Microbial conditioning will reduce bleaching in all coral species across all oceans. Question: Is the proposed conclusion logically correct?

A parrot species imported for the pet trade now disperses seeds of a native fruit tree that had lacked effective dispersers for decades. Proposed Conclusion: The parrot is helping restore reproduction in the native fruit tree. Question: Is the proposed conclusion logically correct?

Botanists planted seeds from four populations of the same plant species into four soil types from different regions. Seeds germinated at nearly identical rates across all soils. Proposed Conclusion: The experiment does not support the idea that soil origin influences germination success. Question: Is the proposed conclusion logically correct?

Soil biologists noted two microbial species consistently occurred together in samples from distant farms. Laboratory cultures revealed one species secretes a compound that increases the other’s growth rate. Soil type and moisture were controlled. Proposed Conclusion: The pairing of the two microbes is likely due to a mutually beneficial metabolic relationship. Question: Is the proposed conclusion logically correct?

A television drama portrays a character’s guilt through scenes showing physical weakening, even though doctors find nothing medically wrong. Proposed Conclusion: Viewers may conclude the show inaccurately portrays medical conditions. Question: Is the proposed conclusion logically correct?

Macroalgal canopy cover reduced sunlight across several tidal flats. Despite this, pigment concentrations increased while biomass declined. Proposed Conclusion: Physiological responses to shading can decouple pigment concentration from biomass. Question: Is the proposed conclusion logically correct?

Researchers studying attitudes toward eco-risk found that consumers who perceive a product as less environmentally harmful are more likely to purchase it. A separate study of laptop buying showed middle-aged adults rated laptops as having the lowest environmental risk among age groups. Proposed Conclusion: Middle-aged adults would be more likely than other demographic groups to purchase laptops. Question: Is the proposed conclusion logically correct?

Researchers studying the shift from ownership models to streaming found that flat-fee streaming removes marginal cost per additional song. Proposed Conclusion: Streaming users will listen to a more diverse range of music than ownership-model users. Question: Is the proposed conclusion logically correct?