Question 1

How many nucleotide bases make up a single codon?

Accepted Answer

Three

Answer

Four

Answer

Twenty

Answer

Two

Question 2

Which molecule carries the anticodon that is complementary to an mRNA codon?

Accepted Answer

tRNA

Answer

rRNA

Answer

Protein

Answer

DNA

Question 3

What occurs during the process of translation?

Accepted Answer

The cell uses mRNA codons to assemble a protein.

Answer

Ribosomes create new DNA strands in the nucleus.

Answer

Introns are spliced together to form exons.

Answer

DNA is copied into a strand of mRNA.

Question 4

Which cell organelle serves as the site where proteins are assembled?

Accepted Answer

Ribosome

Answer

Golgi apparatus

Answer

Mitochondria

Answer

Nucleus

Question 5

According to the genetic code chart, what happens when a ribosome reaches a "stop" codon?

Accepted Answer

It releases the completed polypeptide and the mRNA.

Answer

It doubles the speed of translation.

Answer

It begins the process of transcription.

Answer

It adds one more methionine amino acid.

Question 6

What is the primary role of transcription factors in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

To control gene expression by binding to regulatory regions

Answer

To alter the underlying DNA sequence

Answer

To create energy drinks for the cell

Answer

To produce keratin in blood cells

Question 7

Which process allows a single cell to develop into a functioning multicellular organism?

Accepted Answer

Complex changes in gene expression

Answer

Constant production of liver enzymes in all cells

Answer

Permanent alteration of the genetic code

Answer

The removal of DNA from the nucleus

Question 8

What is the definition of epigenetics?

Accepted Answer

The study of heritable changes in gene expression without altering the DNA sequence

Answer

The process of mapping every gene in a multicellular organism

Answer

The study of permanent mutations in the DNA sequence

Answer

the study of how bacteria reproduce in a dorm environment

Question 9

How does poor nutrition physically affect "metabolism" genes through histone modification?

Accepted Answer

It causes DNA to wrap too tightly around histone proteins, making them hard to read

Answer

It changes the DNA sequence into a different language

Answer

It removes all histones from the cell nucleus

Answer

It causes the DNA to unravel and disappear

Question 10

What happens to the genes in muscle stem cells during exercise that contributes to "muscle memory"?

Accepted Answer

Certain growth and recovery genes are kept "unzipped" and ready for action

Answer

The genes are deleted to save space

Answer

The DNA sequence is rewritten to be stronger

Answer

The genes are permanently turned off once the exercise stops

Question 11

Which type of RNA molecule carries copies of genetic instructions from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm?

Accepted Answer

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Answer

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Answer

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Answer

RNA polymerase

Question 12

During the process of transcription, which enzyme binds to DNA and separates the strands to assemble a complementary strand of RNA?

Accepted Answer

RNA polymerase

Answer

Restriction enzyme

Answer

DNA polymerase

Answer

DNA helicase

Question 13

During translation, which molecule carries a specific amino acid and has an anticodon that pairs with a complementary mRNA sequence?

Accepted Answer

tRNA

Answer

rRNA

Answer

DNA

Answer

RNA polymerase

Question 14

What is the effect of attaching a large number of methyl groups to chromatin?

Accepted Answer

It causes chromatin to condense and shuts down gene expression.

Answer

It prevents the ribosome from binding to mRNA.

Answer

It changes the DNA base sequence permanently.

Answer

It opens the chromatin up for transcription.

Question 15

What is the definition of a mutation?

Accepted Answer

A heritable change in genetic information

Answer

A temporary change in the cell's cytoplasm

Answer

The repair of damaged DNA sequences

Answer

A process that only occurs during transcription

Question 16

Which type of mutation involves a change in a single base pair at a specific point in the DNA sequence?

Accepted Answer

Point mutation

Answer

Chromosomal mutation

Answer

Translocation mutation

Answer

Inversion mutation

Question 17

What is a mutagen?

Accepted Answer

A chemical or physical agent that increases the frequency of mutations

Answer

The process of translating mRNA into protein

Answer

A specific type of amino acid used in transcription

Answer

A protein that repairs DNA

Question 18

When is the HPV vaccine most effective?

Accepted Answer

Before a person becomes sexually active and is exposed to the virus

Answer

Only after a person becomes sexually active

Answer

After a person has already developed dysplasia

Answer

Only when combined with chemical mutagens

Question 19

In the context of HPV and cervical cancer, what is dysplasia?

Accepted Answer

An abnormality on the cervix that can progress to cancer

Answer

A type of vaccine used to prevent infection

Answer

A physical mutagen found in environmental pollutants

Answer

The process of DNA replication in a virus

Question 20

What is a gene mutation?

Accepted Answer

A "spelling change" in a gene's instructions

Answer

A process where cells divide too quickly

Answer

The natural organization of DNA into chromosomes

Answer

A lifestyle habit that improves physical health

Question 21

What percentage of cancers are considered strongly hereditary?

Accepted Answer

5% to 15%

Answer

25% to 40%

Answer

Over 50%

Answer

Less than 1%

Question 22

Which of the following is identified as a "red flag" for hereditary cancer risk?

Accepted Answer

Developing cancer before the age of 50

Answer

Developing cancer after the age of 70

Answer

Having a single relative with skin cancer

Answer

Living in an area with high environmental pollutants

Question 23

What occurs during the process of nondisjunction?

Accepted Answer

Homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis

Answer

A protein repairs damage caused by X-rays

Answer

Cells stop growing to prevent tumor formation

Answer

DNA bases are swapped from guanine to adenine

Question 24

Down syndrome is a condition resulting from a trisomy of which chromosome?

Accepted Answer

Chromosome 21

Answer

The X chromosome

Answer

Chromosome 13

Answer

Chromosome 18

Question 25

Which genetic disorder is caused by a dominant allele and usually does not show symptoms until middle age?

Accepted Answer

Huntington's disease

Answer

Turner's syndrome

Answer

Sickle cell disease

Answer

Cystic fibrosis

Question 26

Why did the cystic fibrosis allele provide a survival advantage in medieval Europe?

Accepted Answer

It helped block the entry of the bacterium that causes typhoid fever

Answer

It allowed for better oxygen transport in polluted air

Answer

It prevented the deterioration of brain cells

Answer

It provided resistance to malaria

Question 27

Which statement best describes the relationship between the sickle cell allele and malaria?

Accepted Answer

Individuals with one sickle cell allele are resistant to the malaria parasite.

Answer

Malaria causes the mutation that leads to sickle cell disease.

Answer

People with two sickle cell alleles are immune to malaria but die of typhoid.

Answer

The sickle cell allele is only found in regions where malaria has been eradicated.

Question 28

What is the result of nondisjunction during meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes

Answer

The conversion of wet earwax to dry earwax

Answer

Increased resistance to typhoid fever

Answer

The production of restriction enzymes

Question 29

Why is the "sickle" shape of red blood cells problematic for the body?

Accepted Answer

They are rigid and can get stuck in narrow capillaries.

Answer

They prevent the brain from receiving glutamine.

Answer

They are too flexible and slip through cell membranes.

Answer

They produce thick mucus that clogs the digestive system.

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