The improvement in material conditions of a place as a result of diffusion of technology and knowledge.

measuring material improvement by taking into account economic, social and demographic factors, using GDP, literacy and education, and life expectancy.

Average income from work and investments (before taxes) per person

factors all the wealth from goods and services of a country divided by person

Percent of a state's population working in primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, and quinary types of employment, the lower the percentages of primary and secondary the higher the development of the country.

used to measure distribution of wealth on a scale from 0-1, with 0 being everyone shares wealth equally to 1 being 1 person holding all wealth

The degree of wealth and material comfort available to a person or community

compares level of material improvement of women to that of men by using measures such as women's health, empowerment, and laborforce participation to so show standard of living discrepancies.

Provide people with the ability to barrow small sums of money to create small businesses, have especially improved the standards of living for families where women have partaken in these programs, affording additional family income and giving their children the opportunity to stay in school

Healthcare provided to women during pregnancy, which greatly reduces IMRs and shows level of gender equality

The rate of women dying during childbirth, which is highest in areas with low gender equity and development

Compares the ability of women and men to participate in economic and political decision making by looking at percentage of women with secondary education and in top professional and political roles.

A model for economic growth that consists of trying to develop all sectors of the economy simultaneously by limiting the number of foreign transnational corporations and increasing tariffs

Forcing foreign owned businesses to sell to domestic private companies or to the government in order to reduce the number of transnational corporations

Refers to activities occurring inside a particular country; not by foreign or international groups

taxes on imported goods, which protect domestic goods by making their prices more competitive than foreign made products

Belief that the best method of development is through opening a country up to transnational corporations and utilizing your natural resources

Linear theory of development that all countries go through certain steps towards full development, based on the process North American and European countries have gone through

States where most people are still working in subsistence agriculture and most national income goes towards nonproductive activities such as religion or the military

Occurs with political stability as leaders invest in infrastructure, creating surpluses leading to specialization

States that have just begun to industrialize by investing in one industry, creating regional growth around major cities

Countries become fully industrialized with multiple industries and the beginning of investments of technology and education

Post-industrial stage when standards of living are high and most of the population is working in the tertiary sector

Newly Industrialized Countries as manufacturing is switching to more and more less developed countries

Supranationalist organizations that limit trade barriers as a result of globalization

Capital provided to the economies of LDCs by transnational corporations based in MDCs leading to neocolonialism

refers to the growth in other businesses like services and construction as a result of manufacturing growth in cities

estimated amount of proven and unconventional sources of various types of energy whether renewable or fossil fuels

A small scale business or manufacturing activity carried out in a person's home (such as making crafts to sell at the market)

2030 targets addressing health, well being, equity, and environmental issues like depletion of resources, climate change, and pollution

Says that companies will build their factories wherever the cost of transportation is least, locating near the market or raw materials depending on whichever is most expensive to ship: the final product or the raw materials. (Von Thunen of industry)

The final product outweighs the individual raw materials, so these factories locate close to the market to reduce cost of transportation.

The final product weighs less than the inputs so factories locate closer to raw materials to reduce cost of transporting these heavy materials.

Refers to benefits or advantages (savings, cost reductions, etc.) resulting from the spatial clustering of similar businesses and/or people.

Refers to the two areas of the United States that are experiencing the largest economic expansion based on the benefits of agglomeration: Silicon Valley, CA, in the computer technology field and The Research Triangle of North Carolina for biotechnology, creating an unbalanced regional growth in comparison to nearby areas

Wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available or contributed for a particular purpose such as starting a company or investing

fuel from plant matter like corn

Explains the spatial shift of manufacturing industries from advanced capitalist countries to developing countries

regions of countries that try to attract foreign businesses/ investments by giving them government incentives such as tax breaks or cheap land

regions within countries that have completely eliminated tariffs to attract businesses

Prohibit someone from being forced into joining a union as a condition of employment. These are favored by businesses because it means that unions will not have the power to interfere with their business practices, meaning lower wages and benefits.

the reproduction of another manufacturer's product following detailed examination of its construction or composition, often occurs in LDCs where copyright laws for MDC products would not have to be followed, flooding the market with cheaper versions of the product

Factories that are located in Mexico, near the US border to take advantage of the cheap labor in Mexico and a close proximity to US markets

Agreement between the United States, Canada, and Mexico to limit and abolish barriers to trade between these three countries. Has led to industrial growth in Mexico but changed today to protect more US industry and agriculture

Manufacturer controls every aspect of production

Use of assembly lines to mass produce products leading to economies of scale and cutting costs of production

Turns certain parts of production over to independent suppliers in order to take advantage of optimal locations for certain industries in terms of labor costs, education necessary, and proximity to market, today occurs through international divisions of labor with parts being produces all over the world

Allows for smaller more economical manufacturing plants since the factory locates close to input materials that will arrive at the same time of production as opposed to being stored for a long period of time

Refers to how changes in society or the economy influence each other

A preoccupation with and an inclination toward the buying of goods such as clothing, food, jewelry, etc, which has increased in MDCs with the rise in cheap products made overseas

Deterioration of natural habitats through depletion of resources such as air, water and soil; the destruction of ecosystems; the extinction of wildlife; and pollution, a major effect of industrialization before reaching sustainable development

Process whereby countries begin to adopt the popular cultures of North America and Europe, increasing as a result of industrialization and globalization, flooding less developed countries with these images/products and the means to afford them

Location where cargo is transferred from one method of transportation to another, producers calculate the cost of each type of transportation and locate their factories or chose shipping locations based on this location

pieces of land holding renewable energy sources that can be used to generate power for surrounding communities (can only be placed in rural areas making them inaccessible at the time for large metropolitan areas far from these sources but housing the most people)

Time period beginning in the 1700’s when North American and Europe began to industrialize and manufacture goods at large scale, led to colonization/imperialism for raw materials and the dominance of these core areas globally

least developed peripheral countries that were former colonies are still economically dependent upon the 1 or 2 export commodities of their colonial past, these often agricultural or mining products pay little on the global market generating little money for development and making these countries still economically dependent upon wealthier core countries