Which of the following best describes an advantage of incumbents when running for election?

Government officials are generally fairly well-known to their constituents.

The number of challengers that are legally allowed to run against incumbents is limited.

Government officials may use members of their staffs to work on their campaigns during the workday.

Media organizations are required to allot time for government officials to have media coverage for their public events.

Which of the following describes a significant impact of national party conventions on presidential campaigns?

Party conventions receive a great deal of national media attention.

The national conventions represent the end of presidential campaigning prior to the election.

Presidential debates are held at the party's national conventions.

Parties receive the majority of presidential campaign funds at the national conventions.

Which of the following correctly describes a power of Congress than can directly impact presidential elections?

Congress can propose amendments that change who is eligible to vote.

The Senate chooses the president if there is no majority in the Electoral College.

Congress appoints the members of the Electoral College.

Congress determines the dates of state presidential primary elections.

The state of Wisconsin has 10 electoral votes. In 2016, the Republican candidate, Donald Trump won 47.22% of the popular vote while the Democratic candidate, Hilary Clinton won 46.45% of the popular vote. The Libertarian candidate, Gary Johnson, won 3.58%, and the Green Party candidate, Jill Stein, won 1.04%. Based on this information and your knowledge of the electoral college, which of the following correctly describes how Wisconsin's electoral votes were distributed among the candidates?

Donald Trump received all 10 of the state's electoral votes.

Donald Trump and Hilary Clinton each received 5 electoral votes while the other candidates did not receive any electoral votes.

Donald Trump received 5 electoral votes, Hilary Clinton received 4 electoral votes, and Gary Johnson received 1 electoral vote.

Because no candidate won a majority of the popular vote, a runoff election was required to determine the allocation of Wisconsin's electoral votes.

Which of the following most accurately describes the method that most states currently use to select their electors for the Electoral College?

All of the state's electors go to the candidate who receives the most popular votes, regardless of whether or not it is a majority of votes.

All of the state's electors go to the candidate who receives the most popular votes, but only if the candidate receives a majority of votes.

The state's electors are allocated based on the percentage of the popular vote received by each candidate.

The state's electors are allocated individually based on which candidate receives the most votes in each legislative district in the state.

Which of the following describes a significant criticism of the electoral college system in the United States?

It limits democracy because the choice of president is not by direct election.

It prevents participation by other branches in the choice of the president.

It forces successful candidates to campaign in all 50 states.

It creates direct democracy feared by some framers through the "one man, one vote" policy.

Maine and Nebraska use a method to allocate their electoral votes that is different from the method used by the other states. Which of the following most accurately describes the method that Maine and Nebraska use?

The elector for each legislative district is allocated to the candidate that receives the most votes within that district with the remaining two electors going to the winner of the overall popular vote within the state.

The state legislatures choose all of the electors without regard to the popular vote within the state.

The electors are allocated proportionally based on the percentage of the popular vote that each candidate receives.

All of the electors go to the candidate who wins the highest percentage of the popular vote within the state.

Which of the following best describes how caucuses are likely to impact a candidate's presidential campaign?

A relatively unknown candidate wins the Iowa caucus which leads to significant national media attention for her campaign.

Because caucuses do not require voters to be affiliated with a political party, a candidate chooses to take moderate positions on current issues.

Because they involve a relatively small number of delegates, a candidate recognizes that the best strategy would be not to devote time or money to campaigning in caucus states.

Because the turnout for caucuses is generally higher than primaries, a candidate does not bring his staff to help him get out the vote.

Based on the descriptions, in which of the following states is voter turnout likely to increase most significantly during presidential election years?

A state that has chosen candidates of different parties in the last two presidential elections.

A state which has experienced the greatest increase in immigration in the last four years.

A state that has chosen the Democratic candidate in the last ten elections.

A state in which registered Republicans outnumber registered Democrats by more than 20 percent.

In 2016, the major party presidential nominees held two-thirds of their official campaign events in just 6 states, and in many states, no official events were held. This illustrates which of the following impacts of the electoral college on presidential elections?

It can make elections less democratic by making competitive states disproportionately more important in the outcome of elections.

It can limit democracy by making the smallest states the most important to the outcome of presidential elections.

It helps to incorporate popular sovereignty by leading candidates to focus their attention on the most populous states.

It incorporates checks and balances since it leads to most presidential elections being decided by the House of Representatives.

The national party convention held during presidential campaigns is likely to have greater significance when

none of the party's candidates has the support of a majority of delegates.

the party platform has been agreed upon ahead of time.

the presidential candidate has already chosen a vice-presidential running mate.

the party has reached agreement on the positions it will take on major political issues.

Which of the following accurately describes voter participation in an open primary?

A voter arrives at the polls on election day, and she is asked whether she wishes to vote in the Republican primary or the Democratic primary.

A voter arrives at the polls on election day, and she is given both the Republican and Democratic primary ballots.

A voter registers as an independent and is not eligible to vote in either major party primary on election day.

A voter registers as a Republican, and he is only eligible to vote in the Republican primary on election day.

The National Popular Vote Interstate Compact is an agreement between several U.S. states and the District of Columbia that would require member states to award all of their respective electoral college votes to the presidential candidate who wins the overall popular vote in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. The compact was created in response to which of the following concerns with the electoral college?

The electoral college may hinder democracy because it is not the direct vote of the people.

The electoral college vote can make the outcome of presidential elections appear more lopsided .

The electoral college gives too much influence over presidential elections to smaller states.

Faithless electors do not vote for the candidates that they have pledged to support.

Which of the following is most likely to be an effect of the Electoral College in a state that leans heavily Republican?

The rate of voter turnout in the presidential election will be lower than if the state was considered to be a swing state.

The state will be a frequent campaign stop for the Republican candidate for president.

Both presidential candidates will campaign heavily in the state.

Democratic candidates for president will increase the time and money they spend on campaigning in the state.

Which of the following correctly describes an impact of the Electoral College system on recent presidential elections?

Candidates focus time and money on a relatively small number of swing states.

Candidates have to focus on one region of the country.

Candidates focus their campaigns on urban areas.

Candidates must implement a 50 state campaign strategy.

Which of the following scenarios most accurately reflects how presidential candidates were selected before the advent of political party nominating conventions?

Prior to the election of 1800 presidential candidates were “put forth” by members of their party caucus in Congress.

Before the initiation of the party conventions, incumbent presidents supported their “favorite son” to follow in their footsteps. The opposition was the ranking member of the opposition party in Congress.

In the early republic, partisan newspapers backed and advertised for popular candidates for the presidency to “put forth” a candidate.

Prior to the advent of the party conventions presidential candidates announced their intent to run for office in national periodicals.

If you are an Iowa resident, you likely take the election process very seriously. Iowa, a state that provides only about 1% of the delegates to either party’s presidential nominating convention, is seen as one of the most important elections in every presidential cycle. Why is this so?

Iowa’s caucus is the first election in the presidential electoral cycle, therefore it is the first indicator of any candidates potential for success.

Iowa is the heartland of America, and how residents of Iowa vote generally predicts the winner of the general election over 60% of the time.

Iowa has long been a bellwether for the Democratic Party. If their candidate wins there the presidency is won by a Democrat over 50% of the time.

How a candidate fares in the Iowa Caucus will generally indicate how he/she will do in the next contest, the New Hampshire Primary.

Unit Five: 5.8: electing a president

1 What is the Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF)? 2 Describe three nationally accredited training products. 3 Define CBA. How is CBA different from other types of assessment? Briefly describe how the four (4) principles of assessment impact the CBA process. 4 Briefly describe how the rules of evidence impact the collection of evidence. 5 Describe different methods of gathering evidence for CBA . Describe the three main assessment methods. Describe the two different assessment pathways. What is recognition of prior learning (RPL), and what are the benefits? 6 What are the three endorsed components of training packages? 7 Briefly describe the components of a unit of competency (UofC). 8 What is the ACSF? Identify the five core skills. 9 How do the dimensions of competency guide assessment practices? 10 What is the purpose and context of assessment? How can you contextualise an assessment while maintaining the integrity of the Unit of Competency? 11 What is the difference between assessment tools and assessment instruments? What are the essential parts of an assessment tool? 13 What is the purpose of mapping against units of competency? 14 Describe reasonable adjustment in competency-based assessment. What are the limitations? 15 What would you do if a candidate provided you with evidence that was not authentic? 16 How does the marker’s guide support you in objective assessment judgement? 17 Give an example of inclusive language when giving assessment instructions. 18 What are the key WHS instructions that are required prior to commencing assessment? 19 What do you look for when clustering units of competency for an assessment tool? 20 What are the key characteristics of a cohort of learners that need to be considered in the planning an assessment tool?

In this video we take a look at the 0:02 fetch to code 0:03 execute cycle including its effect on 0:06 the various registers we've previously 0:12 [Music] 0:14 discussed a computer is defined Definition 0:17 as an electronic device that takes an 0:20 input 0:22 processes data 0:25 and delivers output 0:29 in this simple example you can see we're 0:31 taking the input 5 0:35 we're multiplying it by 2 that's our 0:37 process 0:39 and we're outputting 10. 0:44 but this could be way more complex for 0:46 example of a game console 0:48 the input could be the buttons you press 0:50 on a controller 0:53 the processes would then be carried out 0:55 by the console itself 0:59 and the output would be some form of 1:01 update to a monitor 1:02 and sound out for a speaker possibly 1:04 vibration feedback through the 1:06 controller 1:10 to process data a computer follows a set 1:13 of instructions 1:14 known as a computer program 1:18 if we take the lid off a typical desktop 1:20 computer we can identify 1:22 two critical components the memory 1:26 that stores the program and the central 1:29 processing unit or processor 1:31 which is under this large fan and 1:33 carries out the instructions 1:37 a computer carries out its function by 1:40 fetching 1:41 instructions decoding them and then 1:43 executing them 1:44 in a continuous repetitive cycle 1:46 billions of times a second 1:48 let's look at each of these stages in a 1:50 little more detail Fetch 1:53 so let's start with the fetch stage the 1:55 very first thing that happens 1:57 is the program counter is checked as it 2:00 holds the address 2:01 of the next instruction to be executed 2:07 the address stored is then copied into 2:09 the memory address register 2:14 the address is then sent along the 2:16 address bus to main memory 2:18 where it waits to receive a signal from 2:21 the control 2:22 bus so it knows what to do 2:27 as we want to read the data that's 2:29 stored in memory address 2:30 0 0 0 0 the control unit sends 2:34 a read signal along the control bus to 2:36 main memory 2:41 now main memory knows the data needs to 2:44 be read 2:45 the content stored in memory address 000 2:49 can be sent along the data bus to the 2:51 memory data register 2:56 now as we're currently in the process of 2:58 fetching an instruction 3:00 the data received by the memory data 3:03 register gets copied 3:04 into the current instruction register 3:11 the instruction effectively has now been 3:14 fetched from memory 3:16 just before we proceed to the decode 3:18 phase we now 3:19 increment the program counter so that 3:22 the address it contains 3:24 points to the address of the next 3:26 instruction which will need to be 3:30 executed 3:32 the instruction now being held in the 3:33 current instruction register 3:35 is ready to be decoded 3:39 now as we mentioned in the previous 3:41 video the instruction is made up of two 3:43 parts 3:44 we have the op code that's what it is we 3:47 need to do 3:50 and we have the operand what are we 3:53 going to do it to 3:55 now the operand could contain the actual 3:57 data 3:58 or indeed it could contain an address of 4:01 where the data is to be found 4:06 by decoding this instruction we can see 4:08 the operation we need 4:10 is a load operation so we need to load 4:14 the contents of memory location0101 4:18 into the cpus accumulator 4:25 in the exam a simple model will be used 4:27 to describe the 4:29 structure of any given instruction 4:32 you're not going to be expected to 4:34 define how an opcode is made up 4:36 but simply to interpret opcodes in the 4:39 given context of an exam 4:40 question in the example here 4:44 you can see there's a total of 16 4:46 different opcodes available 4:48 and this is because we're using four 4:50 bits for our representation 4:56 so now we've fetched the instruction and 4:59 we've decoded it so we know what we need 5:00 to do 5:01 we're finally ready to execute it 5:05 so we now send address 0101 5:08 to the memory dress register 5:13 now we're in the memory address register 5:15 we can finally send the address 5:18 down the address bus to main memory 5:24 this time we want to read the data 5:26 that's stored in memory 5:28 and so the control unit again sends a 5:30 read signal along the control bus 5:36 so main memories now receive an address 5:38 and a read signal 5:40 so the content stored at memory location 5:43 0101 5:44 can now be sent along the data bus back 5:46 to the cpu 5:47 and into the memory data register 5:54 finally the contents of the memory data 5:56 register are copied to the accumulator 5:59 and this is one of a number of general 6:00 purpose registers found in the cpu 6:04 this first instruction is now complete Branching 6:11 so what does this program actually do 6:14 you should be able to work it through 6:16 carefully and figure it out 6:19 we're now pointing instructions zero 6:21 zero zero one in the program counter 6:23 and we're ready to fetch the second 6:25 instruction 6:27 at the end of this video we're gonna 6:29 provide you with the answer 6:34 so let's talk a second about programs 6:37 that branch 6:40 on the left here we have a very simple 6:42 piece of pseudo code 6:44 line zero says first execute this line 6:46 of code 6:47 line 1 now execute this line and then 6:50 line 2 says 6:52 if the age is greater than 18 then 6:56 we're going to execute lines 3 and 4 6:58 otherwise 6:59 we're going to execute lines six and 7:02 seven 7:03 so this program doesn't necessarily 7:05 follow strictly in sequence from line 7:07 zero through to seven there's a chance 7:10 here the program may branch and jump 7:14 around 7:16 so we're going to pretend that this 7:17 program has been loaded into memory 7:20 each line of code on the left here has 7:23 ended up 7:24 as a location in memory now this is not 7:27 strictly how this would happen in this 7:28 one-to-one way 7:29 but for the purpose of example it's 7:31 absolutely fine 7:35 so the program counter starts by 7:37 pointing to memory address zero 7:39 and we fetch the first instruction 7:41 decode it and execute it 7:44 it then updates and tells us the next 7:47 instruction 7:48 is zero zero zero one because remember 7:50 the program counter is being incremented 7:52 so we fetch it decode it and we execute 7:55 line one of our program 7:59 we then fetch line two which in binary 8:01 is one 8:02 zero 8:06 now at this point depending on what 8:10 happens during the execution 8:11 of line two the program may be required 8:15 to fetch line three from memory or 8:18 line five from memory 8:25 so let's look at how this actually works 8:27 because we've said the program counter 8:28 simply gets incremented 8:31 well in the current instruction register 8:33 we have an instruction with the op code 8:36 0 1 1 0. 8:41 now when we look this up in the decode 8:43 unit we discover that this 8:45 code means branch always 8:51 this replaces the value held in the 8:54 program counter 8:56 with the contents of the operand that's 8:58 the second part of the instruction 9:01 from the current instruction register so 9:03 this case 9:04 one zero zero one 9:09 now when the next fetch cycle begins the 9:12 program counter is obviously checked 9:14 and as its contents have been previously 9:16 updated to a new memory location 9:19 and not simply incremented the program 9:22 effectively is able to jump 9:24 around memory 9:28 so having watched this video you should 9:30 be able to answer the following key 9:32 question 9:33 how does a cpu work 9:39 okay so let's um answer the question we 9:41 posed 9:42 earlier what did that program actually 9:48 do 9:50 so this is the first fetch to code 9:53 execute cycle 9:55 and this is the one that we ran through 9:57 in detail earlier 9:58 it effectively loaded the contents of 10:01 the memory 10:02 stored at location location0101 10:05 into the accumulator in other words 10:08 the dna number 3 is moved 10:11 from memory into the cpu 10:18 we then proceed onto the second fetch 10:20 decode execute cycle 10:23 now this one adds the contents of memory 10:27 located at 0 1 1 0 10:30 to the current contents of the 10:32 accumulator 10:34 so in other words the dna number one 10:38 because that's what's stored at address 10:40 zero one one zero 10:43 is added to the number three that was in 10:45 the accumulator 10:46 the results are stored back over the 10:48 accumulator 10:49 so effectively we've done three plus one 10:53 equals four 10:58 the third fetch to code execute cycle 11:00 stores the contents which are in the 11:02 accumulator 11:03 into memory location zero one one one 11:07 and that's because the op code the first 11:09 part of this current instruction 11:10 zero zero one one is the command to 11:13 store when we look it up in the decoder 11:15 unit 11:16 so in other words the result of the 11:17 previous calculation three plus one 11:19 equals four 11:20 is now written back into main memory 11:28 the fourth fetch decode execute cycle 11:30 outputs the contents of the accumulator 11:33 remember they were copied into main 11:34 memory but they're still held in the 11:35 accumulator 11:37 so in this simple abstraction the number 11:40 four is now 11:41 output to the user so they can see the 11:43 result of the calculation 11:49 the fifth and final fetch code execute 11:51 cycle 11:52 brings a halt to the current program 11:58 so this very simple program which has 12:01 five 12:02 fetch decode execute cycles has 12:04 performed the calculation 12:06 three plus one is then stored the result 12:09 in main memory 12:10 and displayed the result four to the 12:12 user 12:13 and in a high-level language this may 12:15 look something very similar to the 12:17 following two lines of code 12:20 sum variable equals num1 plus num2 12:24 print sum to the user 12:27 so you can start to get an appreciation 12:29 here of how the high level code you 12:32 write actually ends up being fetched 12:34 decoded 12:35 and executed inside a processor 12:38 of course your processor is doing 12:40 billions and billions of these 12:42 operations a second 12:43 which when you think about it is really 12:45 very impressive 12:52 [Music] 13:03 you. make 10 questions for a standerd of a level

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