Excess water causes problems for plants in a number of ways, except

excess water helps the plant move nutrients from the soil

water logging prevents carbon dioxide from diffusing away

water logging limits oxygen supply to the roots

the soil remains wet after rain

What is the harmful effect of water logging that caused by unthoughtful planning of irrigation system?

Water logged soil provides excellent breeding grounds for mosquitoes

Damaged immune system that increases susceptibility to infection

Leads to environmental pollution due to the release of poisonous chemicals

Lacks sufficient levels of good carbohydrates and proteins

How can water logging be reduced?

Providing adequate number of bridges and culverts

Avoid burning leaves, trash, and other materials

Choose environmentally friendly cleaners

Water Logging in Plants

Ornamental horticulture is growing of plants for decorative and beauty purposes. •There many different types of flowers such as, daisies, roses and lilies. Establishment of flower beds •Choose the best place or site for your flower bed. •The site should get enough sun and have fertile soil. •After choosing the site, dig the area to a depth of 20- 30 cm. •Remove any large stones or rubbles as you dig. •Use a rake to level the prepared bed. This will also break up any big lumps of soil. varieties of flowers ✓Flame lilly ✓Rose ✓Marigold ✓Lavender star Propagation of flowers • Flowers can be grown from seeds or cuttings, tubers and bulbs. From seeds From cuttings From tubers and bulbs Petunia roses Flame lilly Dahlia Elephant ear Lavender marigold Planting time • Flowers can be planted all year round depending on the suitable varieties. •In winter they can be planted in pots, beds and greenhouses. •Varieties which need a lot of water should be grown during the rainy season. Management of flowers 1. weeding: ensure that the flower beds are weed free. •Weeds are removed by hand pulling with the help of a hand fork. 2. watering: watering should be done regularly during the dry season and less frequently during the rainy season. •make sure the beds are moist but avoid waterlogging. 3. fertilizing: soil should be well fertilized with super phosphate at planting. •Flowers should not be top dressed with ammonium nitrate as this will affect flower production. 4. pruning: use a pair of secateurs or very sharp knife to remove weak shoots and dead or diseased parts of the plant. •Pruning also encourages new growth and controls the height of the flowers. Harvesting •Cut the flowers in early bloom. •Allow 30cm stems, grade and remove lower leaves. •Tie in bundles •label accordingly, cure by setting 20cm of the stem in boiling water for 20 minutes. (this will make the flowers last longer) •Store the flowers in cool conditions Marketing • Flowers need fast transport to the market. • Flowers can be sold in bundles, boxes or in pots. • Flowers are sold in bouquets at a local market or are packed in boxes for export market. • They are bought for different occasions such as weddings, funerals and parties.

• Landscape management A landscape is the evident factor of a land, its landforms, and the combined features of natural or artificial elements. Landscape management includes maintenance and integration of physical elements, water bodies, land cover, indigenous vegetation, human elements, such as structures and buildings, and climatic conditions. • Soil Preparation In the list of farming practices, soil preparation is placed second because of its importance for seed germination. Before a crop is grown, the soil is leveled and plowed a bit deeply to prepare it for the sowing of seed. After plowing, the soil loosens and develops proper aeration in the soil. • Sowing Seed selection from good quality varieties is the principal step of sowing. After preparing the soil, seeds are spread over the field, called sowing. Manual and mechanical (seeders) methods of sowing can be used. Some plants, such as rice, are first grown as seedlings in a small space and later transplanted to fields. • Manuring Plants need nutrients for their growth and fruit/seed production. Therefore, nutrients must be consumed at even intervals. Fertilization is the stage at which nutrients are introduced into the lands. These nutrients can be natural manure or artificial fertilizers. Decomposed products and waste of plants and animals are used as manure because of their nutrient richness. • Irrigation Irrigation means supplying water to plants. Water sources can be dams, ponds, wells, canals, etc. Excessive irrigation can damage crops and lead to waterlogging. The irrigation interval and frequency must be monitored, as they vary with the crop. • Weeding Unwanted plants grown alongside field crops are known as weeds. These plants are removed with the help of weed killers (weedicides), manually plucking with hands. Several weeds can be removed with better soil preparation techniques. • Integrated Pest Management • IPM – Integrated Pest Management, is a successful and ecologically sensitive technique to manage pests using combined sustainable practices. IPM is a series of methods including pest assessment, decision, and control techniques • Integrating Crops and Livestock Integrating crops and livestock increases the diversity and environmental sustainability of both sectors. In the meantime, it will offer opportunities to increase overall agricultural production and profitability. • Storage/Selling In the end steps of agricultural practices, the resulting grains are stored in warehouses for later use and selling purposes. Therefore, better plant protection methods must be used to protect grains from rodents and insect pests. The stores should be cleaned, dried, well-fumigated, etc., before storing grains. • Harvesting Among steps of farming practices, harvesting needs significant care otherwise it will result in yield reduction. When the crop reaches maturity, the cutting starts, and the produce will be stored in a dry place. This process is known as harvesting. After harvesting, manual or mechanical thrashing is done to separate grains from the plants.

Water

110.31.b.17.C

Topic: Reading/Vocabulary Development

STAAR English II High School 2014 - Past Paper

110.31.b.1.B

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