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Western approaches to business ethics
Quiz by A Rasheed
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​Which of the following western ethical theories is concerned with the concept of duty, disregdarding the consequences of the actions?
teleology
deontology
virtue ethics
contractarianism
​Which of the following western ethical theories is concerned with the concept of the 'greater good' or in maximising the utility in terms of outcome?
Utilitarianism
Egoism
Kantiansm
Contractarianism
Which of the following western ethical theories is concerned with the concept of duty, disregdarding the consequences of the actions?
Which of the following western ethical theories is concerned with the concept of the 'greater good' or in maximising the utility in terms of outcome?
Which of the following western ethical theories believe that making decisions that align with the long term self interest of the decision-makers is ethical?
Which of the following western ethical theories believe in universal and consistent rules in determining right and wrong and believe ethical standards should uphold human dignity
Which of the following Western ethical approaches can be described as 'an approach to both understanding and living the goodlife that is based on virtue', where virtue isreferred to as 'moral excellence of behaviour and character'?
_________Â considers whether in a single situation/particular circumstances, the collective pleasure outweighs any pain inflicted. This form of analysis can be complex
____________Â considers the underlying principles of an action and whether it produces more pleasure than pain for society in the long run, thereby offering the possibility of applying the same principles to any situation
Chapter 7 - Review Data and Decision Making *Glow bus due at midnight, name and student number: answer questions using content in class People have created wonderful things for centuries, and management Management can be traced as far back as 500 bc when the ancient Sumerians used written records to improve government and business activities Why is it important to lean from the past Not to repeat our mistakes Classical management approaches Scientific management Administrative Principles Bureaucratic organisation Behavioural Management Approaches Follett’s Organizations as communities The Hawthorne studies Maslow’s theory of human needs Mcgregor’s Theory x and Theory Y Argyris Personality and organisation Modern Management foundations Organises as systems Contingency thinking Quality management Quantitative and analysis and tools Evidence-based management Contributions Frederick Taylor - Father of Scientific management He noticed that workers often did their jobs with wasted motions and without a constant approach. His resulted in inefficiency and low performance He believed the problem could be fixed if workers were taught to do their jobs in the best ways and ten were helped and guided by supervisors Four guiding principles of scientific management Rules of motion, standardized work and proper working conditions Select workers with the right abilities Train workers and give them incentives Support workers by planning and smoothing the way as they do their work Frank and Lillian Gilbreth Pioneered use of motitono studies as a management tool In one famous case, the gilbreaths cut down the number of motions used by bricklayers adn tripled their productivity Contributions from scientific management Make results-based compensation a performance incentive Carefully design jobs with efficient work methods Carefully select workers with the ability to perform the job Trian workers to execute activities to the best of their abilities Train supervisors to support workers so they can perform jobs to the best of their abilities Classical Management Adiminstative principle (Henro Fayol) 1919, after a career in French industry, Henri F published “adminisration Industrielle et Generale” (General and industrial management) in which we out like his views on the management of organiztion and workers Rules and duties in management Foresight - to complete a plan of action for the future Organization - To provide and mobilize resources to implement the plan Common- to lead, select and evaluate workers to get the best work toward the plan Coordination- to fit diverse efforts together and ensure information is shared and problems solved Control- to make sure things happen according to plan and to take necessary corrective action Classical management Bureacratic organiztion (Max Weber) Max weber (Bureaucrativ organization) - late 19th century German political economist who had a major impact in the fields of management and sociology Bureaucratic Organization An ideal, intentionally rational adn very efficient form of organization Based on the principles of logic, order and legitimate authority Characteristics of BO Clear division of labour Clear hierarchy of authority Formal rules and procedure Impersonality Careers based on merit What are some disadvantages of bureaucracy Takes a long time for problems to become solved bec there are procedures and there is a chain of people in command Having the power Rules have to follow Excessive paperwork or “red tape” Slowness in handling problems Rigidity in the face of shifting needs Resistance to change Employee apathy Behavioural Management Approaches (focus on understanding the elements that affect human behaviour in organisations) Follett’s Organizations as communites Mary park follett contributed to the transition from classical thinking inot behavioural management Groups and human cooperation Groups allow individuales too combine their talents for a greater good Organizations are cooperating “communites” of managers adn workers Managers job is to help people copperate and achive an integration of goals and intrests Forward-looking managment insight: Making every emploee an owner creates a sense of collective responsibility Prescursor of employrr ownership, profit sharing and gain sharing Buniess problems invovle a varity of inter realted factors Prescursor of systems thinking Private profits realtive to public good Precursor of managerial ethics and social respinsibility Hawthorne studies Took place at western electric chicago plan, a tran led by Harvards Elton Mayo set out to learn how econmic incentives and workplace conditions affected workers output Maing objective Intial study examined how ecomoin incentives adn physical conditions affected worker output (productivity) No consistent relationship found During experientmetn they had 2 groups The expertiant groups (impoved wokring ocnditions ) The control group ( no changes to original working conidtions) No consitant relationship found, perfomance in both groups increased even after removing incentives Social setting and human relations Concluded New “social setting” led workers to do good job Good “Human relations” = higher productivity The contect - The Great Depression (1929-1940) Employee attitudes and groups processes Osme thinsf satisifed some workers but not others People resticited output to adhere to groups norms (Avoid layoffs) Lessons from he hawthrone stufirs Social and human concerns are keys to prductivity Hawthrone effect - People who are singled out for special attention perform as expected Maslow’s Theory of human needs Human needs The work of psychologist Abraham Maslow in the area if human “needs,” also has had a major impact in the behavioual apporach to management Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs Self actualization needs Higherst level: need foe self fulfillment to grow and use abilites to fullest and most creative extent Esteem needs Needs fro esteem in eyes of others need for respect, prestige, recognition; need for self esteem, personal sense of competence, mastery Social needs Need for love, affection, sense of belongingness in ones relationship either other people Safett needs Need for security, protection and stability in teh events of day to day life Physiological needs Most basic of all human needs: need for biological maintence; food, water and phydical well being Principles Defict principle: A satidifed need is not a motivator of behaviour Progress principles: A need becomes a motivator once the preceding lower-level need is satisfied Both principles cease to operate at self actulilzation level McGregor’s Theories Thepry x assumes that workers; Dislike work Lack ambition Are irresponsible Resist change Prefer to be led Theoyry y assumes that workers are Willing to work Willing to accept responsibility Capable of self control Capable of self direction Imaginative and creative According to McGregor, Managers create: Self fulfilling prophecies Implications of Theory x and y Theory x managers: Create situations where workers become dependent, passive and reluctant Theory y managers create situations where workers respond with initiative and high performance Central to notions of empowerment and self management Argyris’s theory of adult personality Classical management principles and practices inhibit worker maturation and are inconsistent with the mature adult personality Management practices should accommodate the mature personality: Increasing task responsibility Increasing task variety Using participative decision making Modern Management Foundation Quantitative analysis and Tools Analytics: the use of large data bases and mathematics to solve problems and make informed decision using systematic analysis Organization as systems System Collection of interrelated parts that function together to achieve a common purpose Subsystem A smaller component of a larger system Open systems Organisations that interact with their environment Contingency thinking Tires to maths managerial responses with problem (situation) No “one best way” to manage The “appropriate way to to manage depends on the situations Quality management Qality anc competitive advantafe are linked Total quality managment (TQM) Comprehensive approach to contiou impovment on teh entire organization ISO certification Gloval quality management standards Refine and upgrade quality to meet ISO requirments Evidednce Based Managment Making management decision on “hard facts” about what really works What term refers to the belief in the application of Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection to human society, particularly as it relates to competition and success? A) Muckraker B) Square Deal C) Social Darwinism D) Suffrage Which term describes journalists and writers who exposed and criticized social issues and corruption in the late 19th and early 20th centuries? A) Yellow Journalism B) Sherman AntiTrust Act C) Big Stick Policy D) Muckraker Theodore Roosevelt's domestic policy aimed at balancing the interests of business, consumers, and labor. What is it called? A) Open Door Policy B) Square Deal C) Social Darwinism D) Muckraker Which term represents the idea of equal voting rights, particularly for women, during the Progressive Era? A) Dollar Diplomacy B) Suffrage C) Corollary D) Roosevelt This legislation, passed in 1890, was designed to curb the power of large corporations and promote fair competition: A) Sherman AntiTrust Act B) Square Deal C) The Panama Canal D) Yellow Journalism What was the foreign policy approach that Theodore Roosevelt used to assert U.S. influence in the Western Hemisphere, emphasizing the use of military force if necessary? A) Big Stick Policy B) Open Door Policy C) Social Darwinism D) Muckraker Which policy aimed to ensure that all nations had equal trading access to China's markets in the late 19th and early 20th centuries? A) Dollar Diplomacy B) Big Stick Policy C) Open Door Policy D) Corollary This sensational and often exaggerated style of journalism, particularly associated with newspapers like the New York Journal and the New York World, helped fuel public sentiment leading to the Spanish-American War. What is it called? A) Roosevelt B) The Panama Canal C) Yellow Journalism D) Square Deal Which U.S. president played a significant role in the construction of the Panama Canal? A) Corollary B) Roosevelt C) Sherman AntiTrust Act D) Dollar DiplomacyWestern Africa Facts+MapWestern Culture Mid Term TestWestern Expansion Test ReviewWestern EuropeWestern region landmarksWestern Classical Painting