Europe’s seas and rivers played an important part in Europe’s growth because they provided both protection and opportunities for

Under which system did landowning nobles govern and protect the people in return for services?

Two important farming inventions of the Middle Ages that made turning over soil faster were the horse collar and

What were apprentices in craft guilds given in return for their work?

center of trade in northern Europe

warrior in armor who fought on horseback

Italian city that was a major trading center

land granted to a vassal or knight

person who worked the lord's land

Under which king was English common law established?

What contributed to the idea that people have rights and that the power of government should be limited?

In 1095 Pope Urban II called for a crusade, or holy war, against

region named for the Norsemen who ruled it

people ordained as priests

decided whether an accused person was guilty or innocent

Egyptian ruler who united Muslims and went to war against the Christians

decided whether a person could be accused of a crime

Originating in central Asia, the Black Death was carried by

Historians believe that the Black Death first spread along which trade route?