to go on a tour on a boat

faire une balade en bateau-mouche

A Paris on peut | Quizalize

La lettre de Jean être dans l’embarras : ne pas savoir quelle décision prendre, être gêné. le dévouement : c’est ce que fait une personne qui consacre son temps à aider les autres. Paris, le 18 février 2005 Ma chère Tatie, Je suis bien triste aujourd’hui. Maman est malade et le médecin que nous avons appelé dit que ce n’est pas grave, mais qu’il lui faut des soins constants. Elle doit rester au moins deux semaines au lit. Tu juges de notre embarras devant une telle situation. Qui va s’occuper de nous, qui va soigner maman ? Papa n’est pas là de la journée et moi je vais à l’école ; le soir, j’ai mes devoirs, mes leçons. Et puis on ne peut laisser maman seule pendant de longues heures. Aussi, ma chère Tatie, je viens te demander si tu peux venir nous aider pendant la maladie de ta sœur. Tu sais à quel point tu nous rendrais service. Nous n’avons pas hésité à te demander de venir car nous connaissons ton dévouement et ta gentillesse. Pour moi, ce sera une grande joie de t’avoir près de nous et je sais que tes bons soins permettront à maman de se rétablir rapidement. Excuse-nous de tout le dérangement que nous allons te causer. Préviens-nous de l’heure de ton arrivée afin que j’aille te chercher à la gare. Merci d’avance, ma chère tante, pour tout ce que tu vas faire pour nous. Papa et maman se joignent à moi pour t’embrasser bien affectueusement. Ton neveu, Jean

I Le contrat de vente classique 1. L’intérêt pour la PMI de connaître la diversité des contrats commerciaux Les PME-PMI sont régulièrement amenées à conclure des contrats commerciaux. Il est donc nécessaire pour l’assistant(e) de gestion de connaître les différents contrats et les règles qui les régissent. 2. Le transfert de propriété Dès qu’il y a accord entre le vendeur et l’acheteur, il y a transfert de propriété. L’acheteur doit donc assumer les risques dès le transfert de propriété. Pour pallier ce risque, il peut prévoir dans le contrat une clause de réserve en propriété, qui a pour effet de différer le transfert de la propriété et des risques qu’il entraine jusqu'à conclusion totale du contrat. 3. Les obligations des parties Les garanties dans le contrat de vente se décomposent ainsi :  Les garanties obligatoires : o la garantie légale de conformité permettant au client d’obtenir la réparation, le remboursement ou le remplacement du produit défectueux o la garantie contre les vices cachés : se sont des défauts non visibles au moment de l’achat qui rendent le bien inutilisable  Les garanties complémentaires ou commerciales : elles sont facultatives pour le client. Elles peuvent être gratuites (mise à disposition d’un produit au client durant une réparation) ou payantes (extension de garantie pour l’achat d’une machine à laver) Exercice d’application 4. Les recours possibles Lorsqu’une procédure est engagée, la juridiction compétente pour statuer l’affaire est le tribunal de commerce du défendeur si le client et l’entreprise sont des commerçants. Les sanctions les plus courantes sont : - infliger des pénalités de retard - obtenir une réduction de prix - faire exécuter le contrat par une autre entreprise - obtenir des dommages et intérêts II Les particularités du contrat de vente commerciale Le contrat présente certaines particularités que la PME doit connaitre : On peut donc considérer qu’un bon de commande est un contrat de vente commerciale, dans la mesure où il réunit ses clauses. Enfin, il existe des situations ou les engagements peuvent différés. C’est le cas : - de la vente à distance : le client dispose d’un délai de rétractation de 14 jours - la vente avec arrhes : si le client verse des arrhes, il pourra annuler le contrat mais perdra le montant versé à l’entreprise. III Les contrats de maintenance et de sous6traitance 1. Le contrat de maintenance C’est un contrat par lequel une entreprise se charge de vérifier, d’entretenir ou de réparer un appareil technique ou une installation complexe. Il doit donc spécifier : - la définition de la prestation et le lieu de réalisation - la durée du contrat - le prix unitaire ou forfaitaire 2. Le contrat de sous-traitance Il permet à une entreprise appelée « donneur d’ordre » de confier la réalisation d’une prestation à une autre entreprise appelée « sous traitant ». L’entreprise s’engage à payer le sous traitant selon les modalités prévues dans le contrat et reste donc responsable de la réalisation de la prestation devant le client. Avantages et inconvénients de la sous-traitance : IV Créer un contrat via un réseau de franchise Afin de développer son activité, l’assistant(e) de gestion peut conclure des contrats commerciaux avec des partenaires étrangers La franchise est une méthode de collaboration entre, d’une part, une entreprise, le franchiseur, et, d’autre part, une ou plusieurs entreprises, les franchisés. Son objet est d’exploiter un concept de franchise mis au point par le franchiseur. Tous sont porteurs de la même enseigne, symbole de l’identité et de la réputation du réseau. La garantie de qualité est assurée par la transmission et le contrôle du respect du savoir-faire et par la mise à disposition d’une gamme homogène de produits, de services et/ou de technologies. a. Le franchiseur C’est un entrepreneur indépendant qui a mis au point et exploité avec succès un concept original dans plusieurs unités pilotes. Il apporte à ses franchisés une formation initiale et permanente pour leur permettre d’appliquer son concept et consacre à la promotion de sa marque, à la recherche et à l’innovation, les moyens humains et financiers permettant d’assurer le développement et la pérennité de son concept. b. Le franchisé C’est un entrepreneur indépendant sélectionné par le franchiseur. Il doit avoir la volonté de collaborer loyalement à la réussite du réseau de franchise en adhérant au principe d’homogénéité de ce réseau, tel que défini par le franchiseur. Il engage des moyens financiers, afin de rétribuer le franchiseur pour ses apports (paiement d’un droit d’entrée et d’un pourcentage sur le chiffre d’affaires). c. Les avantages et les inconvénients du contrat de franchise pour le franchiseur et pour le franchisé. Avantages Inconvénients Franchiseur – Développer son réseau à moindres frais. – Faire des économies d’échelle. – Maîtriser le développement de son concept. – Développer son image, sa notoriété. – Augmenter ses parts de marché. – Accroître son chiffre d’affaires. – Organiser des campagnes publicitaires à l’échelon national. – Transmettre son savoir-faire à des commerçants indépendants. – Assurer une assistance technique et des formations. – Avoir des franchisés qui déprécient l’image de l’entreprise. Franchisé – Avoir une notoriété dès l’ouverture du commerce. – Rester un commerçant indépendant et être responsable de son entreprise. – Bénéficier du savoir-faire du franchiseur. – Bénéficier d’une assistance technique, de formations, d’une logistique d’approvisionnements, etc. – Respecter la charte et les normes du franchiseur, ce qui limite sa liberté de commerçant indépendant. – S’acquitter des droits d’entrée et de redevance. – Avoir une obligation d’approvisionnement exclusif chez le franchiseur. d. Les clés de la réussite de cette forme de commerce Les clés de la réussite sont : – la collaboration commerciale et technique ; – l’association du savoir-faire du franchiseur et de l’esprit entrepreneurial du franchisé ; – les structures organisationnelles sont plus simples et plus économiques qu’en succursalisme car un bon franchisé est motivé et n’a pas besoin d’être poussé ; – c’est un système rapide et évolutif pour couvrir un marché car investissements et compétences sont partagées. e. Les chiffres clés de la franchise en 2019 f. La typologie des franchisés • 60% des franchisés sont des hommes • 50% des franchisés ont entre 35 et 49 ans • 66% des franchisés sont d’anciens salariés du privé • Chaque franchisé emploie en moyenne 7 salariés • 84% des réseaux sont toujours la propriété de leur fondateur • Chaque réseau crée en moyenne 8 nouveaux points de vente par an • 29% des réseaux ont des points de vente à l’étranger

I Suivre les ventes et les livraisons La plupart du temps, les commandes des clients vont déclencher les règlements. Réceptionner les commandes et les traiter rigoureusement est donc une activité essentielle pour la PME. 1. La réception de la commande Avant de traiter la commande, il est important qu’elle soit vérifiée pour optimiser la relation client et éviter les erreurs. Les points de contrôle sont : 2. Le traitement de la commande Les documents à générer sur le PGI sont : 3. Le suivi de la commande Le suivi permet à l’entreprise de surveiller la progression de l’ensemble des commandes. L’entreprise peut ainsi créer un tableau de suivi visuel lui permettant d’anticiper les problèmes de livraison. Voici un exemple : 4. L’organisation et le suivi des livraisons Livrer, c’est mettre à la disposition du client les produits commandés à la date prévue et au lieu convenu. L’entreprise peut décider de livrer elle-même out de faire appel à un transporteur : • La prise en charge de la livraison par le fournisseur La PME organise le planning et la tournée des livreurs en tenant compte des attentes du client, du temps de trajet et du volume à livrer. Elle utilise pour chaque étape le bon de livraison. Un exemplaire est conservé par l’entreprise et un exemplaire sera laissé au client lors de la livraison. • La prise en charge de la livraison via un transporteur Le suivi de la livraison : Le contrat général de vente permet d’anticiper les problèmes et de limiter les contestations (retards de livraison). Les frais de transport doivent donc figurer sur le bon de livraison. Trois type de frais existent : ▪ franco de port : ▪ port dû : Certains transporteurs offrent la possibilité de suivre les expéditions sur leur site Web. II Facturer, suivre les règlements et les relances clients 1. La facture A chaque étape du processus de vente, divers documents sont créés. Le dernier document du processus est la facture. Elle indique le paiement à faire au client et prouve la vente : facture de doit. Chaque facture portant une date et un numéro unique, une fois émise, il n’est donc plus possible de l’annuler ou la modifier .S’il se passe un évènement après l’édition, on devra alors émettre un avoir. Le processus peut se schématiser ainsi : 2. La présentation d’une facture La facture est établit en double exemplaire et doit être conservée pendant 10 ans. Elle résulte d’une obligation légale et se matérialise par un enregistrement comptable. Quelques règles sont à respecter : 3. Les éléments à contrôler sur la facture Il est nécessaire de vérifier les mentions obligatoires afin d’éviter les réclamations clients. Si elle est conforme, elle est envoyée au client et transmise au service comptabilité pour l’enregistrement. Les éléments à vérifier sont : 4. Les aspects fiscaux liés aux ventes : le mécanisme de TVA L’enregistrement des ventes doit se faire dans le respect des règles fiscales relatives à la TVA (taxe sur la valeur ajoutée) Il existe 4 taux principaux de TVA en France : Certaines activités et certains territoires sont exonérés de TVA. • Le taux de TVA intermédiaire de 10 % s’applique pour les activités suivantes : Restauration (pour consommation immédiate) Aide à la personne Hébergement et transport Produits agricoles non transformés et bois de chauffage Médicaments non remboursés Travaux et réparation pour les logements anciens (plus de deux ans) Musées et zoos • Le taux de TVA réduit à 5.5 % s’applique pour les activités et produits suivants : Produits alimentaires de première nécessité Fourniture de chaleur produite à partir d’énergies renouvelables Livres (y compris numériques) Billetterie de spectacle vivant Restauration pour les cantines scolaire Équipements pour personnes handicapées Travaux d’amélioration énergétique des logements de plus de 2 ans • Le taux de TVA spécifique à 2,1% s’applique pour les activités suivantes : Médicaments remboursés par la Sécurité sociale Publications de presse Billetterie de certains spectacles et cinémas Animaux vivants de boucherie et de charcuterie vendus à des non-assujettis • Les activités suivantes sont exonérées de TVA (0%) : Pêche en mer Certaines œuvres non lucratives à caractère social ou philanthropique Activités médicales et paramédicales Enseignement et formation Livraison ou récupération de déchets Le principe de la TVA pour les entreprises : Afin de bien réaliser les écritures comptables, il est important de différencier la TVA déductible de la TVA collectée : Une créance client est enregistrée en débit alors que la vente de marchandises de l’entreprise est enregistrée en crédit. 5. Les écritures comptables relatives aux ventes Les différents éléments d’une facture doivent être enregistrés dans le journal et dans les comptes de l’entreprise. Si l’entreprise dispose d’un PGI, le devis génère automatiquement la commande. La commande génère automatiquement le bon de livraison qui génère la facture. La facture génère automatiquement les écritures comptables au journal. Exemple de visualisation d’écriture comptable sur le PGI : 6. La mise en place d’un suivi efficace des règlements Le suivi des comptes clients permet de connaitre l’état des créances à tout moment. La relance remplit plusieurs objectifs : Les outils les plus utilisés dans cette démarche sont l’échéancier (il liste les créances en attente de règlement avec peu de détails) et la balance âgée (elle présente les soldes de créances de manière plus visuelle avec une ligne par client). Exemples : Echéancier Balance âgée L’entreprise peut également pointer les créances afin de faire ressortir les créances impayées (lettrage des comptes). Enfin, compte tenu des enjeux pour les entreprises d’obtenir les règlements dans des délais raisonnables, elles mettent en place un véritable processus de relance qui doit respecter les étapes suivantes : Après avoir pris connaissance du processus de relance, il devient nécessaire de créer un tableau de relance des impayés pour relancer les clients efficacement. Exemple : Tableau de relances des impayés : Enfin, il faudra relancer les clients par téléphone, mail ou courrier pour obtenir les sommes dues via des relances automatisées. Exemple de mise en demeure automatisée envoyée en recommandé :

KATE: Hello, Kuan. KUAN: Hi, Kate. KATE: Have you just been to the cinema? KUAN: Yes, I have. KATE: What's on? KUAN: 'Paris in the Spring' KATE: Oh, I've already seen it. I saw it on television last year. It's an old film, but it's very good. KUAN: Paris is a beautiful city. KATE: I've never been there. Have you ever been there, Kuan? KUAN: Yes, I have. I was there in April. KATE: Paris in the spring, eh? KUAN: It was spring, but the weather was awful. It rained all the time. KATE: Just like London!

Make a multiple choice quiz for my year 8 science students based on the science in this transcript from a video: 3°C 0:04 It can be the difference between snow and sleet 0:08 Wearing a jacket or not 0:11 In your day-to-day life, it may not seem significant 0:15 But 3°C of global warming would be catastrophic 0:20 Heatwaves, droughts, extreme precipitation, even fire 0:25 3°C of warming is really disastrous 0:28 The scary thing is, the world is well on its way there 0:32 Since the industrial revolution, the Earth has warmed between 1.1°C and 1.3°C 0:40 This is a problem that babies you pass in the street will have to live with 0:46 Children born today... 0:47 ...are up to seven times more likely to face extreme weather than their grandparents 0:52 If global temperatures do rise by 3°C... 0:55 ...what would their world look like? Climate change is already having devastating effects 1:03 Rising sea levels 1:05 Desertification 1:07 Hollywood has always enjoyed imagining the end of the world 1:11 While blockbusters like this are clearly fiction... 1:14 ...this film will show the scenario we all face... 1:17 ...unless more drastic measures are taken to stop burning fossil fuels 1:30 In some parts of the world the effects of inaction are already clear 1:35 The slums of Bangladesh’s capital are filling up with climate migrants 1:41 Minara comes from Bhola District, an area in southern Bangladesh 1:46 There, like many other parts of the country... 1:49 ...rivers swollen by heavier rain and melting Himalayan glaciers... 1:53 ...are washing away people’s homes 1:56 Many, like her, have lost everything 2:00 Our home in Bhola had endless amounts of land 2:03 There was lots of space for farming, we had a spacious house 2:08 There were different types of fruits, vegetation and trees growing at home 2:12 We used to eat the fruit from our own trees 2:18 I can’t eat them now because they don't exist anymore 2:21 Since the river flooded for the third time, I had to flee to Dhaka 2:26 Life was much better back home 2:29 It was unbearable to live through, truly intolerable 2:33 We didn’t have the time to save anything at all 2:38 1.1°C to 1.3°C of global warming has already transformed Minara’s life 2:45 It’s one of the reasons why so many migrants like her... 2:47 ...are moving to the city each year... 2:50 ...nearly 400,000 according to the last estimate 2:53 And climate models show there could be much worse to come How climate modelling works 3:02 Climate scientist Joeri Rogelj... 3:04 ...has spent the last ten years modelling future climate scenarios... 3:08 ...for the United Nations 3:10 The models we use to carry out this exercise... 3:13 ...really represent the state of the art... 3:15 ...of our current knowledge of climate change and where we are heading 3:19 Joeri’s projections use data collected by hundreds of scientists around the world 3:26 Here this is the 3°C level... 3:28 ...and so there is at least a one-in-four chance that under current policies... 3:32 ...we would hit 3°C by the end of the century 3:36 This is just one of the scenarios Joeri looks at 3:40 Another one imagines that all policy promises are kept 3:44 The most optimistic assumes that all promises have been kept... 3:47 ...and net-zero targets are met 3:50 Where our best estimate ends up around 2°C at the end of the century... 3:54 ...there is still a one-in-20 chance that we end up with 3°C instead 3:59 One would not be entering a plane if there is a one-in-20 chance... 4:03 ...that the plane will crash Nowhere is safe from global warming 4:07 A rise of 3°C would affect everyone 4:10 Even wealthy cities in rich countries wouldn’t be immune to the consequences 4:15 European capitals like Paris and Berlin... 4:18 ...would bake under more extreme heatwaves 4:22 Frequent storm-surges in New York could turn parts of the city desolate 4:27 In many ways, cities magnify, intensify climate events 4:33 Cities are hotter than the places around them... 4:36 ...they tend to be more vulnerable to flooding 4:39 And you can get a really bad event in a city in a way that you can’t in the countryside 4:46 And because of their denser populations... 4:49 ...disasters in a city affect far more people 4:52 Some cities might be badly prepared for the changes coming 4:56 But they have the means to adapt 4:59 Cities tend to be wealthier than surrounding places 5:03 They have a lot of amenities 5:05 A city that has taken seriously the risks of a 3°C world... 5:08 …wouldn’t necessarily be a worse place to be in a 3°C world 5:12 But a city that hasn’t prepared for these sort of eventualities... 5:16 ...that might be a really nasty place The impact of prolonged droughts 5:20 So far, many developed cities have got off lightly... 5:24 ...but some rural parts of the world are suffering disproportionately 5:29 Smallholders—small-scale farmers—are particularly vulnerable to climate change 5:35 And there are over 600 million around the world 5:38 Smallholders with farms under two hectares... 5:40 ...produce around a third of the global food supply 5:46 Central America’s “Dry Corridor”... 5:48 ...supports a mix of smallholdings and medium-sized farms 5:53 Sandwiched between the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea... 5:56 ...the area is prone to droughts 6:08 Israel Ramírez Rivera is a smallholder in Guatemala 6:12 Here, climate change is making the dry seasons longer, and more severe 6:18 This is the biggest ear of maize that this plot could deliver 6:23 He depends on his crops of corn and beans 6:26 But they’re getting harder to grow 6:30 The surrounding mountains... 6:32 ...used to provide us with native food... 6:38 ...and now that isn’t an option anymore... 6:41 ...due to climate change and its effects 6:46 Nearly two-thirds of the smallholders in the Dry Corridor now live in poverty 6:52 The impact of all of this for us... 6:59 ...malnutrition among children 7:03 We’ve lost a few 7:07 For my crops especially, the midsummer heat is harder than before 7:16 The plant dries up and can’t provide us... 7:19 ...with the necessary food provision 7:24 Severe droughts in Central America... 7:26 ...are now four times more likely than they were last century 7:30 Many families from here have gone to the States 7:37 The economic despair and debts... 7:44 ...have pushed many people from this community to do this journey 7:53 Migration from Guatemala to the United States has quadrupled since 1990 7:59 Not all of this has been due to climate change 8:02 But longer droughts would force even more to move 8:05 In a 3°C world, annual rainfall in this region... 8:09 ...could drop by up to 14% 8:12 At 3°C, over a quarter of the world’s population... 8:16 ...could endure extreme droughts for at least a month of the year 8:19 Northern Africa could see droughts that last for years at a time Rising sea levels, storm surges and flooding 8:24 But for some, too much water will be the problem 8:29 10% of the world’s population lives on a coastline... 8:32 ...that’s less than 10 metres above sea level 8:35 For these coastal inhabitants, a 3°C world would spell disaster 8:40 By 2100, global sea levels could have climbed by half a metre from 2005 levels 8:46 Low-lying cities like Lagos would be especially vulnerable... 8:49 ...with up to up to a third of the population displaced 8:54 And in Fiji, rising waters are already upending lives 9:04 You can see the graveyard there, it’s all under water now... 9:08 ...due to this rising sea level and climate change 9:15 The village of Togoru in Fiji is being swallowed by the sea 9:19 Barney Dunn, the village headman, has seen over half the village disappear 9:24 Relatives’ houses have been abandoned, and family graves are now under water 9:29 We have been asked by the government to relocate... 9:32 ...but no one wants to relocate... 9:34 ...because we have our great-great-grandparents down there in the sea 9:39 This is the place we’ve been brought up in 9:41 ...it’s not easy to leave 9:44 Past attempts to build a seawall haven’t worked 9:48 But Barney sees building a new one as the village’s only hope 9:52 If they do that, maybe we can save whatever is left 9:56 But if we don’t have the seawall, then it will be keep eroding and time will come... 10:01 ...maybe in ten,15 years, Togoru will be all eroded 10:05 Rising seas also mean storms cause more floods 10:11 And many more countries could suffer 10:14 The Philippines and Myanmar are just two countries... 10:17 ...that will also see an increase in storm surges in a 3°C world 10:21 To escape, many will move… 10:24 …often, to urban areas Extreme heat and wet-bulb temperatures 10:27 Half the world’s population already lives in cities... 10:31 ...almost a third in slums 10:36 For them, a 3°C world could be deadly 10:40 Minara has moved to Dhaka to escape the impact of climate change 10:44 But life could get even worse for her 10:47 I’m struggling a lot nowadays 10:49 The heat during the day is unbearable 10:52 Even late at night it doesn’t cool down 10:57 The heat is getting more intense every day 10:59 I mean, it’s going to get much worse 11:03 I can barely survive it now, how will I live through it in the future? 11:08 Dhaka is getting hotter 11:11 In the last 20 years the average daytime temperature... 11:13 ...has crept up by nearly half a degree 11:17 Days that approach 40°C are now being reported 11:20 And high so-called wet-bulb temperatures are on the rise 11:26 A wet-bulb temperature is a measure of heat and humidity 11:30 Humans cool themselves by sweating… 11:32 But in these conditions, when relative humidity is near 100%... 11:36 ...sweat doesn’t evaporate well 11:38 So people can’t cool down… 11:41 ...even if given unlimited shade and water 11:45 At a high wet-bulb temperature, the body can’t lose heat... 11:49 ...and so it gets hotter and hotter... 11:51 ...and the body is designed to work at a given temperature 11:53 And if it gets too hot inside, you will die 11:58 The human limit for wet-bulb temperatures is 35°C... 12:02 ...around skin temperature 12:04 Dhaka will have a much higher chance... 12:05 ...of reaching dangerous wet-bulb temperatures... 12:07 ...if global warming reaches 3°C 12:12 You can’t really adapt to that 12:14 You have to get out. If the temperature is so high that you can’t work... 12:20 ...can’t do hard manual labour outside for significant parts of the year... 12:25 ...then many places will become functionally no longer part of the economy 12:33 Jacobabad in Pakistan, and Ras al Khaimah, in the United Arab Emirates... 12:37 ...have already recorded deadly wet-bulb temperatures 12:40 More of the tropics and the Persian Gulf... 12:43 ...as well as parts of Mexico and the south-eastern United States... 12:47 ...could all get to this threshold by the end of the century 12:50 Climate modelling might show us the weather Increased migration and conflict 12:52 But it doesn’t show us its other effects on society 12:56 Established migration patterns could change 12:59 Climate disasters may exacerbate reasons people cross borders 13:03 Within countries, more people will move to cities 13:07 In a 3°C world, tens of millions of people a year... 13:10 ...could be displaced by disasters made worse by climate change 13:15 When people are displaced by climate... 13:18 …they may well go to cities... 13:19 ...because cities are the places that attract people from the countryside already 13:25 A lot of people who can get to the developed world... 13:28 ...not least because the developed world tends to be less hot, will give that a go 13:35 As migration around the world increases... 13:38 ...there could be more competition for fewer resources 13:42 Water—already a highly contested resource—will be a focal point 13:47 Turkey’s new Ilisu dam has reduced the flow of water into Iraq 13:53 China lays claim to rivers vital to India and Pakistan 13:57 The prospect of a water-conflict makes people very uneasy 14:03 How national tensions would exacerbate those sorts of reactions... 14:08 ...in a 3°C world... 14:09 ...is the sort of thing that no one should really want to find out 14:14 I think you’d have to be incredibly sanguine... 14:16 ...not to think that the sort of climate extremes that we talk about... 14:19 ...in a 3°C world wouldn’t lead some places... 14:22 ...to the brink of societal collapse 14:25 Those lucky enough to escape unrest... Adaptation and mitigation are crucial 14:28 ...would still have to adapt to a radically different world 14:32 People can adapt to climate change in all sorts of ways, one of the most obvious ones... 14:37 ...is air conditioning 14:39 But other ways to adapt at a local or regional level... 14:42 ...I mean, one of the most obvious is diversifying agriculture 14:47 There are physical things you can do, like seawalls 14:52 The fact that people can adapt and that adaptation will reduce suffering... 14:57 ...doesn’t mean that it will eliminate suffering 15:00 Suffering is built into this whole process of heating up the planet 15:06 Adaptation will only get the world so far 15:09 The best way to deal with a 3°C world... 15:12 ...is not to go to a 3°C world 15:14 And that’s why increasing efforts on mitigation are important 15:17 It’s why working towards negative emissions... 15:20 ...that could bring down the temperature after it peaks are important 15:25 Once you get to a 3°C world, you are in real bad global trouble 15:33 The scale of change needed... 15:35 ...and the slow progress of governments so far... 15:38 ...means 3°C of warming is uncomfortably likely unless more is done 15:44 Despite existing pledges, greenhouse-gas emissions... 15:48 ...are still set to rise by 16% from 2010 levels by 2030 15:54 The need to act has never been clearer 15:57 There’s still time to reduce emissions, so that a 3°C world remains fiction... 16:02 ...rather than becoming fact

France Where Is It? France is a country in Europe. Other countries are to the east. To the south is Spain. The Atlantic Ocean is to the north and to the west. The United Kingdom is to the north. It is across a part of the Atlantic Ocean called the English Channel. Paris is the capital city of France. It is a very famous city. Millions of tourists visit Paris every year. More than ten million people live there. People. More than sixty-six million people live in France. Most people live and work in cities. Some have jobs helping tourists who visit France. Some people live in the countryside and grow food on farms. More than half of the land in France is used for farming. Most people in France speak French. Land. France has many different kinds of land. It has hills, forests, rivers, lakes, and beaches. Most of France is covered with low plains and hills. France also has five mountain ranges. They sit between France and other countries. The highest mountains are in the Alps. History. Long ago, France was called Gaul. Other countries took over Gaul many times. The Romans took it over first, and then the Franks took it from the Romans. France got its name from the Franks. For a long time, France was ruled by powerful kings. Then the French people fought against one king. This was called the French Revolution (1789–1799). Today, France is a democracy. Celebrations People in France celebrate the beginning of the revolution on July 14. They celebrate with fireworks and parades. Food. France is known for its food. One type of food is a long, thin loaf of bread. Many meals have more than one part. A meal may have soup, salad, a main course, and fruit for dessert. Conclusion France is a beautiful country with a long history. It has rolling hills, forests, and mountains. Its food is known around the world. What do you like most about France?

1. Battle of Lexington At the Battle of Lexington in 1775, British soldiers and colonial militia faced each other on the village green. A shot was fired, but no one knows for sure who fired first. Even so, this moment is often called the beginning of the American Revolution. Why is the Battle of Lexington still considered the start of the American Revolution, even though it is unclear who fired the first shot? A. It marked the first time colonists and British soldiers fought in open battle B. It proved that colonists planned the war long before the fighting began C. It showed that British soldiers were fully responsible for starting the war D. It confirmed that colonists had already declared independence from Britain 2. Battle of Concord After the fighting at Lexington, British troops marched to Concord to destroy colonial supplies. Instead, colonial militia gathered and fought back, forcing the British to retreat toward Boston. Why is the Battle of Concord considered an important turning point in the early American Revolution? A. It showed that colonial militias could organize and successfully push back British troops B. It proved that the British army had already lost control of all the colonies C. It confirmed that the colonies had officially declared independence from Britain D. It demonstrated that foreign countries were already helping the colonial forces 3. Second Continental Congress Much of the early violent conflict between colonists and British soldiers took place in Boston. After fighting broke out at Lexington and Concord near Boston, colonial leaders met at the Second Continental Congress in 1775 to decide what to do next. Which answer best describes the main actions taken by the Second Continental Congress? A. They created an army, chose a leader, and tried to avoid war with Britain B. They declared independence, wrote the Constitution, and ended the war C. They raised taxes, formed a monarchy, and supported British rule D. They ended slavery, gave women rights, and expanded voting laws 4. Olive Branch Petition In 1775, colonial leaders sent a letter called the Olive Branch Petition to King George III of Britain. Based on this situation, what was the main purpose of the Olive Branch Petition sent to the king? A. To ask the king to restore peace between both sides B. To declare independence from Britain and begin a new nation C. To request help from foreign countries in the war effort D. To organize protests against British taxes across the colonies 5. Battle of Bunker Hill On June 17, 1775, during the Battle of Bunker Hill in Boston, colonial forces fought against the British on a hill overlooking the city. The fighting was intense and led to heavy losses on both sides. Which statement best explains why the Battle of Bunker Hill was an important battle in the war? A. The colonists won the battle, showing they were stronger than British forces B. The colonists won the battle, showing the British that the war would be short and easy for the colonists C. The British won the battle, showing the war would be difficult and costly for both sides D. The British won the battle, showing British forces could defeat the colonists easily 6. Pamphlets During the American Revolution, pamphlets were short printed writings that were inexpensive to produce and often written in everyday language so many colonists could read them. How did these features of pamphlets most affect their role in the American Revolution? A. They helped spread ideas widely, allowing more colonists to form and share opinions B. They limited ideas to educated leaders, keeping most colonists uninvolved C. They replaced newspapers entirely, becoming the only source of information D. They prevented disagreement, causing most colonists to think the same way 7. Thomas Paine’s Common Sense In 1776, Thomas Paine published Common Sense, a widely read piece of writing about the relationship between the colonies and Britain. How did this pamphlet most influence colonial thinking during the American Revolution? A. It encouraged colonists to support independence from Britain B. It convinced colonists to remain loyal to the British government C. It explained how colonial armies should organize attacks D. It described laws colonists were expected to follow 8. Declaration of Independence In July 1776, the Declaration of Independence listed complaints against King George III and explained the colonists’ ideas about government and rights. How do these parts of the Declaration of Independence work together to support the colonists’ decision? A. They connect ideas about rights to real examples, justifying separation from Britain B. They describe past events in detail, showing how the war had already ended C. They list future plans for government, explaining how leaders would be chosen D. They organize military actions, showing how the colonies planned to win 9. Washington Crosses the Delaware and Battle of Trenton In December 1776, George Washington led his army across the Delaware River and launched a surprise attack on Hessian mercenaries in Trenton. Which statement best explains why Washington’s crossing of the Delaware and the attack on Trenton was an important turning point in the war? A. It defeated British forces completely, ending the war in a short time B. It boosted morale, helping discouraged soldiers choose to keep fighting C. It brought foreign allies into the war, adding support for the colonies D. It led to independence, allowing the colonies to form a new nation 10. Battle of Saratoga In 1777, American forces defeated the British at the Battle of Saratoga, a major event during the American Revolution. Which statement best explains why the Battle of Saratoga was an important turning point in the war? A. It brought French support, helping Americans gain a strong advantage in the war B. It ended the war quickly, forcing Britain to surrender all control in the colonies C. It improved army training, helping soldiers become more skilled in future battles D. It changed leadership roles, causing new generals to take control of the army 11. Battle of Yorktown In 1781, American forces surrounded British troops at Yorktown, leading to a major moment in the American Revolution. Which statement best explains why the Battle of Yorktown was an important event in the war? A. French forces helped the Americans win, leading to the end of major fighting in the war B. Italian forces helped the British win, leading to a final victory over the American army C. German forces switched sides and helped the Americans win, leading to a final defeat for British troops D. French forces helped the British win, leading to a complete end of the war in the colonies 12. Treaty of Paris After the Battle of Yorktown, British public opinion turned against the war, and peace negotiations began. In 1783, American leaders signed the Treaty of Paris, which included agreements between the United States and Britain. Which statement best explains how the Treaty of Paris reflected the outcome of the American Revolution? A. Both sides made agreements, recognizing independence B. Americans gained independence, taking land without agreements C. British leaders kept control, ending the war with power D. Both sides refused compromise, continuing the war

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