Word root homeo- means...

Word root hetero- means...

Informed, uncertain but testable idea

Simplest structures considered to be alive

Embodies the greatest amount of scientific information

Self-amplifying chain of physiological events

Feet together, facing forward, hands at the sides with palms facing forward

Sum of all internal chemical reactions

Self-amplifying mechanisms in physiology

Study of structure

Study of function

Single, complete individual and the largest level of hierarchy of complexity

Masses of similar cells and cell products

Cutting and separating tissue to reveal structural relationships

Invented many components of the microscope and named the tiny compartments he observed, cells.

Composed of lipids and proteins and surrounds the cellular components

Revolutionized anatomical illustrations in the 1500s

Membranes lining the cranial cavity

Physiological effects of a person's mental state

Refers to fine detail, down to the molecular level

Tendency of the body to maintain stable internal conditions

Transformation of cells with no specialized function into cells that are committed to a specific task

Self-correcting mechanisms in physiology care called ___ loops

Terms coined from the names of people

Organelle which makes most cellular membranes

Imbibing liquid with dissolved materials from the outside of the cell to bring inside the cell

Metabolically function units of the cell

Process by which a physical pressure forces fluid through a selectively permeable membrane

Process in which a mechanical pressure applied to one side of the system can override osmotic pressure and drive water through a membrane against it's concentration gradient; capillaries and also water filtration facilities

Difference in concentration between one point and another

Fusion of secretory vesicle with the plasma membrane and release of the contents

Network of protein filaments and cylinders that structurally support a cell, determine it's shape and organize its contents among other things

Composed of carbohydrate moieties of membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins; aids in identification among other things

Ability of a microscope to reveal detail

Force exerted on a membrane by water

Hydrostatic pressure required on one side of the membrane to halt the process of osmosis

When a hormone cannot enter a cell, it activates the formation of a ____ inside the cell to carry the message onward.

Clear, structureless gel inside a cell

Requires ATP to move materials across the membrane against the concentration gradient

The ____ of glucose derives energy from the Na concentration gradient; with whom it travels

Find thread-like material composed of DNA and protein found within the nucleus

Lysosomes digest and dispose of surplus or non-vital organelles and other cell components in order to cycle nutrients within the cell

Carrier that performs cotransport

Hairlike projections along the cell surface which play a role in sensory functions and locomotion

Direct transport of solute particles by an ATP-using membrane pump

Movement across the membrane without the aid of ATP

Long, whip-like projection used primarily in movement (sperm cell)

Net flow of water through a membrane from high to low concentration

Vesicular transport of particles into a cell

Sacs produced by the Golgi complex which contain enzymes for intracellular digestion, autophagy, programmed cell death, etc.

Connective tissue used for energy storage, thermal insulation and heat production

Most abundant formed element of blood

Connections between one cell and another

External surface of the stomach would be covered with this type of membrane

Encircle epithelial cells, joining each cell securely to the other

Densely packed, parallel and often wavy collagen fibers with slender fibroblast nuclei compressed between collagen bundles; Tendons

Occur small numbers in mature organs/tissues throughout a person's life and have the ability to differentiate into a limited number of cell types

Undifferentiated cells that are not yet performing any specialized function, but have potential to differentiate into one or more types of mature functional cells

Premature, pathological tissue death due to trauma, toxins, infections or both

Artificial production of tissues and organs in the lab for implantation in the human body

Osseous tissue; hard and calcified connective tissue that composes the main support structure of the cell

Replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same cell type present beforehand

Replacement of dead or damaged cells by scar tissue; severe injuries

Programmed cell death

Most abundant, widely distributed and histologically variable of the primary tissues

Hereditary defect in elastin which tends to show up in a patient as hyperextensible joints, vision problems, abnormally long limbs and tall stature

Tissue growth through cell multiplication

Muscles that are not exercised exhibit disuse ____ and their cells become smaller (astronauts in space)

Fluid connective tissue that travels through tubular vessels carrying nutrients throughout the body

Occupies the 'empty space' within a tissue, usually has a gelatinous to rubbery consistency and contains many dissolved nutrients/minerals, etc.

Basis of cellular excitation

Constitute most of the volume of the nervous tissue

Only found in the heart

Gland which maintains contact with surface/cavity by means of a duct

Gland which releases secretion by exocytosis

Glandular secretion contains the product and the disintegrated cellular parts

Lacks striations and is involuntary

Loose network of reticular fibers and cells, infiltrated with numerous leukocytes

Type of gland which releases products into the blood stream; has no duct

Waste product removed by means of a gland

Abnormal redness of the skin

Brownish black melanin

Bruise

Cancer causing radiation which leaks through our ozone layer

Covers the body and provides a barrier to pathogens and to excessive water loss

Dilating of blood vessels; plays a role in relieving body of excess heat

Genetic lack of melanin

Immune cells of the epidermis

Majority of epidermal cells

Red pigment of blood cells

Reddish-yellow melanin

Scientific study and medical treatment of the integumentary system

Tough protein which fills the upper epidermal cells; water-proofing the skin

Undifferentiated cells that divide and give rise to the keratinocytes

Sweating without noticeable wetness of the skin

Destroys the entire dermis and likely bone and muscle beneath

Nourishes the hair via blood vessels

Muscle that causes a hair to stand on end

Cells which synthesize melanin and aid in the overall production of skin and hair pigmentation

Blueness of the skin due to low oxygen concentration in the blood

Cerumen

Hairs only growth phase during it's hair cycle

Composed of clumps of dander stuck together by sebum

Holocrine glands that secrete into a hair follicle

Removal of burned, charred skin from a patient

Condition in which hair is lost from select regions of the scalp rather than thinning uniformly across the whole scalp

Cells here are keratinized and dead, likely up to 30 flattened layers

Skin discoloration which often results from liver insufficiency/failure

Scent (sweat) gland

Skin cells with sensory roles

Longest and strongest bone in the body

Cells which have ruffled border and secrete hydrochloric acid

Forms blood cells and platelets

Our bones typically don't shatter with acceptable force because of the ____ within; allow for some 'flex'

One long bone meets another at it's ____

Osteoclasts are most closely related, by common decent, not to other bones cells but rather to ____.

Growth plate; cell proliferation and hypertrophy occur here in growing bones

Thin layer of reticular connective tissue that lines the internal marrow cavity

Tiny cavities that contain the osteocytes

Stem cells which develop from embryonic mesenchymal cells

Calcium phosphate crystallizes in bone as this mineral

Addition of new surface lamellae; increases diameter of bones

Blood calcium deficiency

Cells that secrete collagen and stimulate calcium phosphate deposition

Most active form of vitamin D produced mainly by the kidneys

Adult form of rickets

Break in the bone weakened by some other disease

Central cavity found in a long bone which contains the marrow

Composed of bones, cartilages, and ligaments joined tightly to form a strong, flexible framework

Connective tissue in which the matrix is hardened by deposition of calcium phosphate and other minerals

Covers the surface of the bone which is part of a joint

Fracture caused by abnormal trauma to a bone

Minute hole penetrating the bond

Shaft of the bone

Sheath which covers the external portion of a bone

Sternum and shoulder blade

Study of bone

Thoracic vertebrae do not have these, typical of most vertebrae, because of their articulation with the ribs

Thick stout body and blunt, squarish spinous process for the attachment of large muscles

The bone that supports your body weight when you are sitting

Disc-shaped head of the radius articulates with the ___ of the humerus

Consists of the bones providing structure to the body's 'core' - head, neck, trunk

Consists of the bones in the upper and lower limbs as well as their attachments/girdles

Most complex part of the skeleton; total of 22 bones

Immovable joints which join the bones of the skull

Included in the skull and lie anterior to the cranial cavity

Supports our body's weight and allows movement of our upper torso and head

Supports the arm and links it to the axial skeleton

Most commonly fractured bone in the body

Point of the shoulder; projection of the scapula

It's hemispherical head articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula

It's trochlear notch wraps around the trochlea of the humerus

Lateral forearm bone

Thumb

Marks the front portion of the pelvic girdle, where the two pelvic bones come together

Shin bone; takes part in the knee joint along with the femur and patella

Bony outgrowth or protrusion

Air-filled space within a bone

Two massive processes unique to the femur; for attachment of hip muscles

"Funny bone"

Attached to the thorax by only muscles

Bones of fingers and toes

Leg bone which does not bear any body weight directly; lateral strut

Loose attachment results in far more flexibility than that of most other mammals

Canal through a bone

# of vertebrae

Neck vertebrae

Chest vertebrae

Lower back vertebrae

Thoracic and pelvic; present from birth

Cervical and lumber; develop as crawling and walking abilities develop

The elbow acts as a ____ joint when the elbow flexes, as in a bicep curl

The elbow acts as a ____ joint when the forearm is pronated and supinated

To bend backwards at the waist is ____ of the torso

Type of joint that allows for internal and external rotation; very flexible

The two pubic bones of an adult are united by the pubic ____.

Crescent in shape, do not extend across complete joint, work to absorb shock and pressure, etc.

Science of movement

Encloses a synovial cavity and retains the lubricating fluid

Fluid-filled sac that eases movement of a tendon over a bone, tendon over a muscle, etc.

Softer cartilage; synchondroses

Anterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane

Concave in one direction and convex in the other, fit on top of one another perpendicularly.

Movement in which the toes are elevated toward the shins

movement that raises the body part vertically in the frontal plane

Moving the palm to face posteriorly or downward

Oval convex surface fits into a complementary shaped depression on the other surface

Tipping the soles medially toward one another

Ratio of output to input of a simple machine; lever

Angle through which a joint can move

Lubricant of a diarthrosis

Product of a gland that is beneficial to the body in some way

premature, pathological death of tissue due to trauma, toxins, or infections

A condition in which the gene for long bone growth is altered so limbs stop growing in childhood while the growth of other bones is unaffected

Basic structural unit of compact bone

When the epiphyseal plate calcifies in adulthood, it is then referred to as the ________, and no further growth in length is possible

A bone increases in diameter only by ____ growth, the addition of new surface lamellae

a bony outgrowth or protruding part

In a _____ suture, the articulating bones have interlocking wavy margins

Glenoid cavity and head of the humerus

Bone spins on its longitudinal axis

a general condition; includes gout, arthritis, osteoarthritis, and rhematoid arthritis