molecule that donates hydrogen ions and increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

attraction between water molecules and other molecules

negative ion that is formed by an atom gaining one or more electrons

the smallest unit of matter that retains all of the chemical properties of an element

calculated mean of the mass number for an element's isotopes

total number of protons in an atom

molecule that donates hydroxide ions or otherwise binds excess hydrogen ions and decreases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

substance that prevents a change in pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen or hydroxide ions

amount of heat required to change the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius

occurs because water molecules are attracted to charges on the inner surfaces of narrow tubular structures such as glass tubes, drawing the water molecules to the sides of the tubes

positive ion that is formed by an atom losing one or more electrons

interaction between two or more of the same or different atoms that results in the formation of molecules

process leading to the rearrangement of atoms in molecules

intermolecular forces between water molecules caused by the polar nature of water; responsible for surface tension

substance composed of molecules consisting of atoms of at least two different elements

type of strong bond formed between two atoms of the same or different elements; forms when electrons are shared between atoms

release of an ion from a molecule such that the original molecule now consists of an ion and the charged remains of the original, such as when water dissociates into H+ and OH-

negatively charged subatomic particle that resides outside of the nucleus in the electron orbital; lacks functional mass and has a negative charge of -1 unit

how electrons are spatially distributed surrounding the nucleus; the area where an electron is most likely to be found

movement of electrons from one element to another; important in creation of ionic bonds

ability of some elements to attract electrons (often of hydrogen atoms), acquiring partial negative charges in molecules and creating partial positive charges on the hydrogen atoms

one of 118 unique substances that cannot be broken down into smaller substances; each element has unique properties and a specified number of protons

steady state of relative reactant and product concentration in reversible chemical reactions in a closed system

group of atoms that provides or imparts a specific function to a carbon skeleton

weak bond between slightly positively charged hydrogen atoms and slightly negatively charged atoms in other molecules

describes ions or polar molecules that interact well with other polar molecules such as water

describes uncharged non-polar molecules that do not interact well with polar molecules such as water

atom or chemical group that does not contain equal numbers of protons and electrons

chemical bond that forms between ions with opposite charges (cations and anions)

one or more forms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons

total number of protons and neutrons in an atom

anything that has mass and occupies space

two or more atoms chemically bonded together

uncharged particle that resides in the nucleus of an atom; has a mass of one amu

type of covalent bond that forms between atoms when electrons are shared equally between them

core of an atom; contains protons and neutrons

rule that atoms are most stable when they hold eight electrons in their outermost shells

region surrounding the nucleus; contains electrons

any molecule containing carbon (except carbon dioxide)

scale ranging from zero to 14 that is inversely proportional to the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

type of covalent bond that forms as a result of unequal sharing of electrons, resulting in the creation of slightly positive and slightly negative charged regions of the molecule

molecule found on the right side of a chemical equation

positively charged particle that resides in the nucleus of an atom; has a mass of one amu and a charge of +1

isotope that emits radiation composed of subatomic particles to form more stable elements

molecule found on the left side of a chemical equation

substance capable of dissolving another substance

the amount of heat one gram of a substance must absorb or lose to change its temperature by one degree Celsius

when polar water molecules surround charged or polar molecules thus keeping them dissolved and in solution

tension at the surface of a body of liquid that prevents the molecules from separating; created by the attractive cohesive forces between the molecules of the liquid

outermost shell of an atom

very weak interaction between molecules due to temporary charges attracting atoms that are very close together