Movement of molecules against a gradient from a region of low concentration to high concentration; requires energy (ATP)

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An integral membrane protein that undergoes a conformational change to move a molecule from one side of the membrane to another.

Found in plant cells and not animal cells, an additional layer of protection and rigidity

Found in plant cells, for large storage of food and water

type of cell membrane protein used in passive transport (specifically facilitated diffusion)

Site of photosynthesis

Appendage that protrude from eukaryotic cells for movement

difference in concentration of a substance on two sides of a membrane

Found in freshwater organisms, pump out excess water that diffuses inward because organisms in a hypotonic environment

Cells with no nuclear or internal membranes

Cells with internal membranes (e.g., nucleus, organelles)

Chloroplasts and mitochondria were formerly tiny prokaryotes that took up residence inside larger cells and formed a permanent symbiotic relationship; eukaryotes evolved from engulfing prokaryotes

Contains chromosomes; surrounded by selectively permeable membrane that contains nuclear pores for the passage of molecules like mRNA

Where ribosome components are synthesized and assembled

Site of protein synthesis

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Membranous system of channels and flattened sacs that transverses the cytoplasm

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Packages and secretes substances produced in the ER; lies near nucleus; consists of flattened membranous sacs

Sacs of hydrolytic enzymes that digest macromolecules; Also carries of apoptosis

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Site of aerobic cellular respiration, the process that generates ATP

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Complex network of protein filaments that extends through cytoplasm and gives cell its shape and ability to moves (e.g., microtubules, microfilaments)

Selectively permeable outer layer of cells; made of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins dispersed throughout

Model for plasma membrane that includes

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Movement of molecules down a gradient from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration; no energy required

Diffusion that requires membrane channels; larger, polar molecules

Type of diffusion where water diffuses across a membrane

Cell shrinks because water flows from higher water potential to lower water potential out of the cell; solution has higher concentration of solute

Cell swells or bursts because water moves from higher water potential to lower water potential into the cell; solution has lower concentration of solute

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Nothing happens to the cell because the concentrations of the solutions outside and inside the cell are equal

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

A cell engulfs material from the environment by folding its plasma membrane inward

a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.

A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells

A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes.

The movement of specific molecules into a cell by the inward budding of membranous vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in; enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances.

A property of a plasma membrane that allows some substances to cross more easily than others.

A membrane protein that is responsible for moving hydrophilic substances from one side to the other.

Smallest functional unit of life

A membrane-enclosed structure with a specialized function within a cell.

This says that all living things are made of cells, that cells are the basic unit of structure and function and that cells only come from other cells.

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

water loving

water fearing

A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.

proteins in the plasma membrane that are sensitive to the presence of specific extracellular molecules called ligands

A membrane protein, specifically a transport protein, that facilitates the passage of water through channel proteins.

The coupling of the "downhill" diffusion of one substance to the "uphill" transport of another against its own concentration gradient.

Transmembrane proteins with hydrophobic regions that completely span the hydrophobic interior of the membrane.

Protein appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane and not embedded in the lipid bilayer.

This measurement has a minimum value of 0 (when the solution is open to the environment); it increases as pressure increases.

A protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates

This measurement has a maximum value of 0; it decreases as the concentration of a solute increases.

The ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water; depends partly on concentration of nonpenetrating solutes relative to inside of cell.

The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure.