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Q 1/498
Score 0
Molecule with partial charges. Mixes with water.
30
polar
Q 2/498
Score 0
No partial charges. Do not mix with water.
30
nonpolar
498 questions
Q.
Molecule with partial charges. Mixes with water.
1
30 sec
Q.
No partial charges. Do not mix with water.
2
30 sec
Q.
Attraction of an atom for electrons in a covalent bond.
3
30 sec
Q.
Water molecules sticking to each other.
4
30 sec
Q.
Water molecules sticking to other surfaces.
5
30 sec
Q.
Something dissolved in a solution.
6
30 sec
Q.
Dissolving agent of a solution.
7
30 sec
Q.
Same atoms but different arrangement.
8
30 sec
Q.
Differ in arrangement of atoms.
9
30 sec
Q.
Differ in arrangement around a double bond.
10
30 sec
Q.
Structures that are like a mirror-image.
11
30 sec
Q.
Monomer for starch and glycogen.
12
30 sec
Q.
Monomer for cellulose and chitin.
13
30 sec
Q.
Carbohydrate component of plant cell walls.
14
30 sec
Q.
Storage polysaccharide of plants.
15
30 sec
Q.
Extremely branched polymer of glucose.
16
30 sec
Q.
Polysaccharide found in arthropod exoskeletons and fungal cell walls.
17
30 sec
Q.
Suffix of a sugar.
18
30 sec
Q.
Glycerol and three fatty acids.
19
30 sec
Q.
Made of four rings of carbon.
20
30 sec
Q.
Steroid common in cell membranes, also in many hormones.
21
30 sec
Q.
Bonds that connect amino acids.
22
30 sec
Q.
Determined amino acid sequence of proteins.
23
30 sec
Q.
Reinforce tertiary structure.
24
30 sec
Q.
Chain of amino acids.
25
30 sec
Q.
Either an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet.
26
30 sec
Q.
Results from interactions between side chains.
27
30 sec
Q.
Results from two or more polypeptide subunits.
28
30 sec
Q.
Suffix of a protein.
29
30 sec
Q.
Bases with a double-ring structure.
30
30 sec
Q.
Bases with a single-ring structure.
31
30 sec
Q.
Bonds between phosphate group and pentose sugar in nucleic acids.
32
30 sec
Q.
To put together.
33
30 sec
Q.
To break apart.
34
30 sec
Q.
Condensation reaction where molecules are connected by loss of a water molecule.
35
30 sec
Q.
Reaction where water split into two hydrogens and one oxygen; this breaks a polymer.
36
30 sec
Q.
Metabolic pathways that construct molecules, requiring energy.
37
30 sec
Q.
Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy.
38
30 sec
Q.
A population can change over time if individuals with more fit traits leave more offspring than less fit individuals.
39
30 sec
Q.
An accumulation of inherited characteristics that enhance organisms' ability to survive and reproduce in specific environments.
40
30 sec
Q.
Humans modifying species for desired traits through selective breeding.
41
30 sec
Q.
Darwin's way of referring to evolution.
42
30 sec
Q.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
43
30 sec
Q.
Individuals whose inherited traits confer an advantage have a better chance of surviving in a given environment and will leave more offspring.
44
30 sec
Q.
Similarity resulting from common ancestry.
45
30 sec
Q.
Same structure, different function. Comes from common ancestor.
46
30 sec
Q.
Embryos of vertebrates share many anatomical homologies.
47
30 sec
Q.
Are little or no importance to organism, but remain from an ancestor.
48
30 sec
Q.
Geographic distribution of species.
49
30 sec
Q.
Change in genetic makeup of a population from generation to generation.
50
30 sec
Q.
Evolutionary change above the species level.
51
30 sec
Q.
Group of individuals of the same species living in the same area.
52
30 sec
Q.
Study of allele frequency distribution and change under the influence of evolutionary processes.
53
30 sec
Q.
All the genes in a given population at a given time.
54
30 sec
Q.
Proportion of an allele in a gene pool.
55
30 sec
Q.
Helps measure changes in allele frequencies over time. Provides an "ideal" population to use as a basis of comparison.
56
30 sec
Q.
Changes in the nucleotide sequence in DNA.
57
30 sec
Q.
Crossing over and shuffling of genes during meiosis.
58
30 sec
Q.
Change in allele frequencies due to chance.
59
30 sec
Q.
When a population has been dramatically reduced, and the gene pool is no longer reflective of the original population's.
60
30 sec
Q.
When a small number of individuals colonize a new area; the new gene pool is not reflective of original population.
61
30 sec
Q.
When a population gains or loses alleles., movement of alleles into or out of a population due to the migration of individuals to or from the population.
62
30 sec
Q.
Heritable variations in a population.
63
30 sec
Q.
Characteristics that are classified on an either-or basis, determined by a single gene locus.
64
30 sec
Q.
Characteristics that vary along a continuum, usually due to influence of two or more genes.
65
30 sec
Q.
Difference in variation between population subgroups in different areas.
66
30 sec
Q.
A graded change in a trait along a geographic axis.
67
30 sec
Q.
Fitness of a particular genotype.
68
30 sec
Q.
Shift toward a favorable variation.
69
30 sec
Q.
Shift toward the extremes.
70
30 sec
Q.
Shift that favors the mean.
71
30 sec
Q.
Maintains recessive alleles in a population,
72
30 sec
Q.
Natural selection for mating success.
73
30 sec
Q.
Differences between the sexes in secondary sexual characteristics.
74
30 sec
Q.
Origin of new species and the source of biological diversity.
75
30 sec
Q.
Species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to produce fertile offspring.
76
30 sec
Q.
Barriers that impede members of two different species fro producing fertile offspring.
77
30 sec
Q.
Barriers that impede mating or hinder fertilization.
78
30 sec
Q.
When two species encounter each other only rarely.
79
30 sec
Q.
When two species breed at different times of day, season, or years.
80
30 sec
Q.
Incompatible courtship rituals, pheromones, or bird songs.
81
30 sec
Q.
Morphological differences prevent fertilization.
82
30 sec
Q.
When sperm can't fertilize the eggs.
83
30 sec
Q.
Barriers that prevent the hybrid zygote from becoming a fertile adult.
84
30 sec
Q.
When the genes of different species interact and impair hybrid development.
85
30 sec
Q.
Sterile hybrids due to uneven chromosome number.
86
30 sec
Q.
Hybrid is fertile, but when they breed the next generation is sterile.
87
30 sec
Q.
When a population is divided; leads to speciation.
88
30 sec
Q.
Speciation without a divided population.
89
30 sec
Q.
In plants, the result of an extra set of chromosomes during cell division.
90
30 sec
Q.
Having more than two sets of chromosomes from a single species.
91
30 sec
Q.
Sterile hybrid is changed to a fertile polyploid due to mutation; fertile with each other, but not parent species.
92
30 sec
Q.
Evolution of many new species from a common ancestor as a result of introduction to new environments.
93
30 sec
Q.
A model of evolution in which a new species will change the most as it buds from a parent species, and then will change little for the rest of its existence.
94
30 sec
Q.
A model of evolution in which gradual change over a long period of time leads to biological diversity.
95
30 sec
Q.
Change in the rate or timing of a developmental event; an organism's shape depends on relative growth rate of body parts.
96
30 sec
Q.
Proportioning that gives a body a specific form.
97
30 sec
Q.
Genes that determine basic features of where a body part is.
98
30 sec
Q.
Class of homeotic genes. Changes in these genes can have a profound impact on morphology.
99
30 sec
Q.
Evolutionary history of a species or group of species.
100
30 sec
Q.
Analytical approach to understanding the diversity and relationships of present and past organisms.
101
30 sec
Q.
Anatomical similarity due to convergent evolution.
102
30 sec
Q.
Analogous structures that have evolved independently.
103
30 sec
Q.
A classification of organisms into groups based on similarities.
104
30 sec
Q.
Scientific name.
105
30 sec
Q.
First part of scientific name.
106
30 sec
Q.
Second part of scientific name.
107
30 sec
Q.
Branching diagrams that depict hypotheses about evolutionary relationships.
108
30 sec
Q.
Diagram that shows patterns of shared characteristics.
109
30 sec
Q.
A taxonomic grouping that includes only a single ancestor and all of its descendants.
110
30 sec
Q.
A phylogenetic classification system that uses shared derived characters and ancestry as the sole criterion for grouping taxa.
111
30 sec
Q.
A taxonomic grouping that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants.
112
30 sec
Q.
A monophyletic group in which some descendants of the common ancestor have been removed.
113
30 sec
Q.
A taxonomic grouping consisting of several species that lack a common ancestor (more work is needed to uncover species that tie them together into a monophyletic clade).
114
30 sec
Q.
Trait shared beyond the taxon.
115
30 sec
Q.
Evolutionary novelty unique to that clade.
116
30 sec
Q.
Species or group of species closely related to the ingroup.
117
30 sec
Q.
Diagram in which the length of a branch reflects number of changes in a DNA sequence.
118
30 sec
Q.
Diagram in which length of a branch reflects amounts of actual time.
119
30 sec
Q.
"Occam's Razor." A principle that states that when considering multiple explanations for an observation, one should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts.
120
30 sec
Q.
A principle that states that when considering multiple phylogenetic hypotheses, one should take into account the one that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events, given certain rules about how DNA changes over time.
121
30 sec
Q.
Groups of related genes in an organism's genome.
122
30 sec
Q.
Homologous genes passed in a straight line from one generation to the next.
123
30 sec
Q.
Homologous genes that are found in the same genome as a result of gene duplication.
124
30 sec
Q.
Experiment that found that organic molecules can form in a strongly reducing atmosphere.
125
30 sec
Q.
Aggregates of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by a membrane.
126
30 sec
Q.
Membrane-bound droplets that form when lipids are added to water.
127
30 sec
Q.
Dating using decay of radioactive isotopes.
128
30 sec
Q.
Isotopes that have unstable nuclei and undergo radioactive decay.
129
30 sec
Q.
Oldest known fossils formed from many layers of bacteria and sediment.
130
30 sec
Q.
Ancestors of mitochondria and plastids was prokaryotes thatcame to live in a host cell.
131
30 sec
Q.
Sequence of endosymbiotic events that led to an ancestral eukaryote.
132
30 sec
Q.
Horizontal gene transfer between different bacteria and archae.
133
30 sec
Q.
Collections of autonomously replicating cells.
134
30 sec
Q.
Domains Bacteria, Archae, and Eukarya.
135
30 sec
Q.
Spherical bacteria.
136
30 sec
Q.
Rod-shaped bacteria.
137
30 sec
Q.
Spiral bacteria.
138
30 sec
Q.
When the membrane shrinks away from the cell wall as a result of water loss.
139
30 sec
Q.
Cell bursting.
140
30 sec
Q.
Cell wall of prokaryotes, but NOT ARCHAEA. Made of a sugar polymer and polypeptide.
141
30 sec
Q.
Used to classify prokaryotes based on cell wall composition. Important for antibiotics; some antibiotics work on one but not the other.
142
30 sec
Q.
Bacteria that have simple cell walls with much peptidoglycan.
143
30 sec
Q.
Bacteria that have complex cell walls with less peptidoglycan but with lipopolysaccharides. Very toxic and hard to treat.
144
30 sec
Q.
Interfere with production of peptidoglycan; harm bacteria but not eukaryotes.
145
30 sec
Q.
Covers the cell wall in prokaryotes.
146
30 sec
Q.
Hollow tubes used to move cells or exchange DNA between bacteria by conjunction.
147
30 sec
Q.
In bacteria, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined.
148
30 sec
Q.
Movement toward or away from a stimulus.
149
30 sec
Q.
Small rings of DNA found naturally in some bacterial cells in addition to the main bacterial chromosome. Can contain genes for antibiotic resistance, or other "contingency" functions.
150
30 sec
Q.
A thick-walled protective spore that forms inside a bacterial cell and resists harsh conditions.
151
30 sec
Q.
Photosynthetic bacteria.
152
30 sec
Q.
Organisms that use hydrogen sulfide or other chemicals as energy source instead of light.
153
30 sec
Q.
Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls lacking peptidoglycan. Like eukaryotes, DNA contains histone proteins.
154
30 sec
Q.
Archaea that live in extreme environments.
155
30 sec
Q.
Archaea that thrive in very hot environments, such as volcanic springs.
156
30 sec
Q.
Archaea that release methane, a greenhouse gas.
157
30 sec
Q.
Resistance evolving rapidly in many species of prokaryotes due to overuse of antibiotics, especially in agriculture.
158
30 sec
Q.
Study of interactions between organisms and the environment.
159
30 sec
Q.
Nonliving components of environment.
160
30 sec
Q.
All the plant and animal life of a particular region.
161
30 sec
Q.
Biotic factors.
162
30 sec
Q.
All species that inhabit an area.
163
30 sec
Q.
The sum of all ecosystems.
164
30 sec
Q.
Broad patterns of distribution due to continental drift and barriers such as deserts and mountain ranges.
165
30 sec
Q.
Movement of individuals away from centers of high population density or their area of origin.
166
30 sec
Q.
Movement of a species to areas where it was previously absent.
167
30 sec
Q.
An area where an organism could potentially survive and reproduce.
168
30 sec
Q.
Area an organism actually occupies.
169
30 sec
Q.
Prevailing weather conditions of an area.
170
30 sec
Q.
Patterns on the global, regional and local level.
171
30 sec
Q.
Very fine patterns of climate influenced by features of the environment such as shade ares and wind patterns.
172
30 sec
Q.
Seasonal changes in warm and cool water layers in lakes.
173
30 sec
Q.
Major types of ecological association that occupy broad geographic regions.
174
30 sec
Q.
The size of the population within a particular unit of space.
175
30 sec
Q.
Pattern of spacing among individuals.
176
30 sec
Q.
A sampling technique used to estimate wildlife populations.
177
30 sec
Q.
New individuals moving into population. Increases population size.
178
30 sec
Q.
Movement out of population. Decreases population size.
179
30 sec
Q.
Random spacing of individuals of the same species within an area.
180
30 sec
Q.
The most common pattern of dispersion; individuals aggregated in patches.
181
30 sec
Q.
The pattern in which individuals are equally spaced throughout a habitat.
182
30 sec
Q.
Defense of a space against encroachment by other individuals.
183
30 sec
Q.
Study of vital statistics of a population and how they change over time.
184
30 sec
Q.
Age-specific summaries of survival patterns of a population.
185
30 sec
Q.
A group of individuals of the same age.
186
30 sec
Q.
Graph of the proportion of a cohort still alive at each age.
187
30 sec
Q.
Curve that shows low death rate at early and mid-life and drops at old age, as seen in humans and large animals.
188
30 sec
Q.
Curve that represents constant death rate over lifespan small animals and invertebrates.
189
30 sec
Q.
Curve that drops sharply at the start then levels off once individuals reach a critical age, as seen in organisms that produce large numbers of offspring.
190
30 sec
Q.
Study of females to determine reproductive output and how it varies with age of female.
191
30 sec
Q.
Age-specific summary of reproductive rates in a population.
192
30 sec
Q.
Traits that affect an organism's schedule of reproduction and survival.
193
30 sec
Q.
Species that have only a single reproductive opportunity, such as agave and salmon.
194
30 sec
Q.
Species that reproduce over and over.
195
30 sec
Q.
Big-bang reproduction.
196
30 sec
Q.
Repeated reproduction.
197
30 sec
Q.
Average number of offspring produced per individual during a specified period of time.
198
30 sec
Q.
Expected number of deaths in a population in a specified period of time.
199
30 sec
Q.
Difference between per capita birth and per capita death rates.
200
30 sec
Q.
When per capita birth and death rates are equal. (r = 0)
201
30 sec
Q.
Population increase under ideal conditions, when r > 0. Forms a J-shaped curve.
202
30 sec
Q.
When limiting factors restrict size of population to the carrying capacity of the environment. Forms an S-shaped curve.
203
30 sec
Q.
Maximum population size that a particular environment can support.
204
30 sec
Q.
Life history traits sensitive to population density. Small number of large offspring, extensive parental care, repeated reproduction.
205
30 sec
Q.
Life history traits maximize reproductive success in uncrowded environments. Many small offspring that mature quickly, little if any parental care.
206
30 sec
Q.
When birth or death rates do not change with population density.
207
30 sec
Q.
When birth or death rates do change with population density.
208
30 sec
Q.
When many populations are linked.
209
30 sec
Q.
Movement from a high birth rate, high death rate to a low birth rate, low death rate.
210
30 sec
Q.
Relative number of individuals at each age.
211
30 sec
Q.
Number of infant deaths per thousand live births.
212
30 sec
Q.
Predicted average length of life at birth.
213
30 sec
Q.
Land and water area appropriated by each nation as a resource to consume or to absorb the waste it generates.
214
30 sec
Q.
Species compete for a limiting resource. (-/-)
215
30 sec
Q.
Strong competition can lead to local elimination of one of the species.
216
30 sec
Q.
Two species competing for same limiting resource cannot coexist in one place; one species will have an advantage that will eventually lead to competitive exclusion
217
30 sec
Q.
Sum total of a species' use of the biotic and abiotic resources.
218
30 sec
Q.
Sum total of a species' use of the biotic and abiotic resources; an organism's "role".
219
30 sec
Q.
The niche species could potentially occupy.
220
30 sec
Q.
The niche species actually occupies.
221
30 sec
Q.
Differentiation of niches that enables similar species to coexist.
222
30 sec
Q.
Tendency of characteristics to be more divergent in sympatric populations than allopatric populations.
223
30 sec
Q.
Camouflage; makes an organism difficult to spot.
224
30 sec
Q.
Bright warning colors in animals with a chemical defense.
225
30 sec
Q.
Species mimics the appearance of an unpalatable or harmful.
226
30 sec
Q.
Two or more unpalatable species resemble each other.
227
30 sec
Q.
Parasites that live within the body of their host.
228
30 sec
Q.
Parasites that feed on external surface of host.
229
30 sec
Q.
Insects that lay eggs on or in living host; larvae feed on body of host, eventually killing it. (+/-)
230
30 sec
Q.
Interspecific interaction that benefits both species. (+/+)
231
30 sec
Q.
Interaction between species that benefits one but neither helps or harms the other. (+/0)
232
30 sec
Q.
Reciprocal evolutionary adaptations of two interacting species.
233
30 sec
Q.
Not necessarily abundant, but exert a strong control on community structure due to a pivotal ecological role.
234
30 sec
Q.
Variety of different kinds of organisms that make up a community.
235
30 sec
Q.
Total number of different species.
236
30 sec
Q.
The proportion of each species.
237
30 sec
Q.
Feeding relationships between organisms in a community.
238
30 sec
Q.
Autotroph.
239
30 sec
Q.
Herbivore.
240
30 sec
Q.
Carnivore that eats herbivores.
241
30 sec
Q.
Carnivore that eats carnivores.
242
30 sec
Q.
Carnivore that eats tertiary consumers.
243
30 sec
Q.
Linked food chains.
244
30 sec
Q.
Length of a food chain is limited by the inefficiency of energy transfer.
245
30 sec
Q.
Long food chains are less stable than short chains.
246
30 sec
Q.
Species that are the most abundant or have the most biomass.
247
30 sec
Q.
Total dry mass of all individuals in a population.
248
30 sec
Q.
Species generally introduced by humans, that take hold outside of their native range.
249
30 sec
Q.
Cause physical changes in environment that affect community structure.
250
30 sec
Q.
Foundation species have positive effects on other species.
251
30 sec
Q.
Unidirectional influence from lower to higher trophic levels. (V --> H)
252
30 sec
Q.
Influence moves from top trophic levels to bottom. (V <-- H)
253
30 sec
Q.
Technique for restoring eutrophic lakes that reduces populations of algae by manipulating higher-level consumers.
254
30 sec
Q.
Communities are constantly changing after being buffeted by disturbances.
255
30 sec
Q.
An event, such as storm, fire, flood, drought, overgrazing or human activity, that changes a community and alters resource availability.
256
30 sec
Q.
Moderate levels of disturbance can create conditions that foster greater species diversity.
257
30 sec
Q.
Reduces species diversity in all communities.
258
30 sec
Q.
Gradual recolonization of a disturbed area; species replaced by other species which are replaced by other species.
259
30 sec
Q.
Succession that begins in a virtually lifeless area.
260
30 sec
Q.
The first species that colonize new area, such as lichen and mosses.
261
30 sec
Q.
Succession when an existing community has been cleared, but soil left intact.
262
30 sec
Q.
Species diversity highest at equator, decreases toward poles.
263
30 sec
Q.
Evaporation of water from soil plus transpiration from plants. Correlates with species richness.
264
30 sec
Q.
The larger the geographic area, the greater the number of species.
265
30 sec
Q.
Islands great for study due to isolation and limited size; can study species diversity and extinction rates.
266
30 sec
Q.
Consists of all the organisms living in a community as well as all the abiotic factors with which they interact.
267
30 sec
Q.
Obtain energy from detritus.
268
30 sec
Q.
Nonliving organic maters such as remains of dead organisms, feces, fallen leaves, dead wood.
269
30 sec
Q.
Amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs.
270
30 sec
Q.
Amount of light energy that is converted to chemical energy by photosynthesis.
271
30 sec
Q.
Energy used by primary producers for respiration.
272
30 sec
Q.
Depth to which light penetrates limits primary production.
273
30 sec
Q.
Greater limiting factor than light in oceans and lakes.
274
30 sec
Q.
Sewage and fertilizer runoff adds nutrients to lakes; phytoplankton decreases and cyanobacteria increases.
275
30 sec
Q.
Annual amount of water transpired by plants and evaporated from landscape.
276
30 sec
Q.
Amount of chemical energy in consumers' food that is converted to new biomass.
277
30 sec
Q.
The fraction of energy stored in food that was not used for cell respiration.
278
30 sec
Q.
Percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next.
279
30 sec
Q.
90% of all energy is lost between trophic levels.
280
30 sec
Q.
Only 10% of the total energy produced at each trophic level is available to the next level. The amount of energy passed up to the levels of the food pyramid reduces as you go up.
281
30 sec
Q.
Each on this pyramid tier represents standing crop.
282
30 sec
Q.
Standing crop biomass compared to production.
283
30 sec
Q.
Number of organisms at each trophic level.
284
30 sec
Q.
Terrestrial herbivores consume relatively little plant biomass because they are held in check by predators, parasites and disease.
285
30 sec
Q.
The amount of added nutrient that can be absorbed by plants without damaging ecosystem.
286
30 sec
Q.
Toxins become more concentrated in successive trophic levels.
287
30 sec
Q.
Carbon dioxide and water vapor in atmosphere trap infrared radiation, re-reflecting it back toward earth.
288
30 sec
Q.
Protective layer in atmosphere that shields earth from UV radiation.
289
30 sec
Q.
Integrates ecology, physiology, molecular biology, genetics and evolutionary biology to conserve biological diversity.
290
30 sec
Q.
Applies ecological principles in an effort to return degraded ecosystems to conditions as similar as possible to their natural state.
291
30 sec
Q.
Species that is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.
292
30 sec
Q.
Species that is likely to become endangered.
293
30 sec
Q.
Use of living organisms such as prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to detoxify polluted ecosystems.
294
30 sec
Q.
Uses organisms to add essential materials to degraded ecosystems.
295
30 sec
Q.
Structures specialized to perform distinct processes within a cell.
296
30 sec
Q.
The soluble portion of the cytoplasm, which includes molecules and small particles, such as ribosomes, but not the organelles covered with membranes.
297
30 sec
Q.
Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes.
298
30 sec
Q.
The region of the cell between the cell membrane and the nucleus.
299
30 sec
Q.
The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition.
300
30 sec
Q.
Double membrane perforated with pores that control the flow of materials in and out of the nucleus.
301
30 sec
Q.
A netlike array of protein filaments lining the inner surface of the nuclear envelope; it helps maintain the shape of the nucleus.
302
30 sec
Q.
A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins.
303
30 sec
Q.
The readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteins.
304
30 sec
Q.
Small, dense region within most nuclei in which the assembly of proteins begins.
305
30 sec
Q.
A network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.
306
30 sec
Q.
Small membrane-bound sac that functions in moving products into, out of, and within a cell.
307
30 sec
Q.
Synthesis of lipids, phospholipids and steroid sex hormones-help detoxify drugs and poisons (liver cells).
308
30 sec
Q.
A network of interconnected membranous sacs in a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm; covered with ribosomes that make membrane proteins and secretory proteins.
309
30 sec
Q.
A protein with one or more carbohydrates covalently attached to it.
310
30 sec
Q.
Vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another.
311
30 sec
Q.
Stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum.
312
30 sec
Q.
Process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell.
313
30 sec
Q.
A cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes.
314
30 sec
Q.
A membranous sac that helps move excess water out of the cell.
315
30 sec
Q.
The organelles in which nutrients are converted to energy.
316
30 sec
Q.
Organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis.
317
30 sec
Q.
A microbody containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide.
318
30 sec
Q.
Infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electon transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.
319
30 sec
Q.
Membranous structures within a chloroplast that serve as the site for light harvesting in photosynthesis.
320
30 sec
Q.
The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.
321
30 sec
Q.
Network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement.
322
30 sec
Q.
The motion of cytoplasm in a cell that results in a coordinated movement of the cell's contents.
323
30 sec
Q.
Strong layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria.
324
30 sec
Q.
When a substance moves from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Due to entropy.
325
30 sec
Q.
The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.
326
30 sec
Q.
The diffusion of small solutes through a selectively permeable membrane.
327
30 sec
Q.
Transport of a substance across a cell membrane by diffusion. No cell energy required.
328
30 sec
Q.
When a cell gets materials or excretes them by using its own energy, usually through ATP; going against a concentration gradient.
329
30 sec
Q.
Describes a solution that has a greater concentration of total solute.
330
30 sec
Q.
Describes a solution that has a lesser concentration of total solute.
331
30 sec
Q.
Describes solutions that have an equal concentration of total solutes.
332
30 sec
Q.
The pressure inside of a cell as a cell pushes itself against the cell wall.
333
30 sec
Q.
This happens when a cell shrinks inside its cell wall while the cell wall remains intact.
334
30 sec
Q.
This happens when water moves, but the amount within the cell is constant; no pressure builds.
335
30 sec
Q.
This happens when a cell swells until pressure bursts it, resulting in cell death.
336
30 sec
Q.
This happens when a cell shrinks and shrivels; can result in cell death if severe.
337
30 sec
Q.
The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure.
338
30 sec
Q.
This measurement has a maximum value of 0; it decreases as the concentration of a solute increases.
339
30 sec
Q.
This measurement has a minimum value of 0 (when the solution is open to the environment); it increases as pressure increases.
340
30 sec
Q.
A property of a plasma membrane that allows some substances to cross more easily than others.
341
30 sec
Q.
Molecules are said to be this when it has regions that are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic.
342
30 sec
Q.
Structural model of the plasma membrane where molecules are free to move sideways within a lipid bilayer.
343
30 sec
Q.
Integral proteins that span the membrane.
344
30 sec
Q.
Integral proteins that span the membrane.
345
30 sec
Q.
The proteins of a membrane that are not embedded in the lipid bilayer; they are appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane.
346
30 sec
Q.
An exchange of molecules (and their kinetic energy and momentum) across the boundary between adjacent layers of a fluid or across cell membranes.
347
30 sec
Q.
A protein built into the membrane with active site exposed.
348
30 sec
Q.
A series of molecular changes that converts a signal on a target cell's surface to a specific response inside the cell.
349
30 sec
Q.
The function of membrane proteins in which some glycoproteins serve as ID tags that are recognized by membrane proteins of other cells.
350
30 sec
Q.
The function of membrane proteins in which membrane proteins of adjacent cells hook together, as in gap junctions or tight junctions.
351
30 sec
Q.
Membrane carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to lipids.
352
30 sec
Q.
Membrane carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to proteins.
353
30 sec
Q.
A membrane protein, specifically a transport protein, that has a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or atomic ions use as a tunnel.
354
30 sec
Q.
A membrane protein, specifically a transport protein, that has a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or atomic ions use as a tunnel.
355
30 sec
Q.
A membrane protein, specifically a transport protein, that facilitates the passage of water through channel proteins.
356
30 sec
Q.
A membrane protein, specifically a transport protein, that holds onto molecules and changes their shapes in a way that shuttles them across the membrane.
357
30 sec
Q.
A difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance.
358
30 sec
Q.
The ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water; depends partly on concentration of nonpenetrating solutes relative to inside of cell.
359
30 sec
Q.
The control of water balance.
360
30 sec
Q.
A cell with a cell wall that has a reasonable amount of pressure but is healthy.
361
30 sec
Q.
Passive diffusion that is aided by transport proteins, but that does not require cellular energy.
362
30 sec
Q.
The voltage of a plasma membrane.
363
30 sec
Q.
The combination of forces that acts on membrane potential.
364
30 sec
Q.
A protein channel in a cell membrane that opens or closes in response to a particular stimulus.
365
30 sec
Q.
A transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane, causing a net separation in charge.
366
30 sec
Q.
An electrogenic pump that works largely with H+ ions.
367
30 sec
Q.
The coupling of the "downhill" diffusion of one substance to the "uphill" transport of another against its own concentration gradient.
368
30 sec
Q.
Occurs when a cell secretes certain biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane.
369
30 sec
Q.
Occurs when a cell takes in biological molecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane.
370
30 sec
Q.
Process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell.
371
30 sec
Q.
A type of endocytosis in which the cell "gulps" droplets of fluid into tiny vesicles.
372
30 sec
Q.
A type of endocytosis in which the cell acquires bulk quantities of specific substances, even though they may not be very concentrated in the extracellular fluid.
373
30 sec
Q.
Any molecule that bonds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule.
374
30 sec
Q.
The process by which a signal on a cell's surface is converted into a specific cellular response.
375
30 sec
Q.
These regulators influence cells in the vicinity of them.
376
30 sec
Q.
Circulating chemical signals that are formed in specialized cells, travels in body fluids, and act on specific target cells.
377
30 sec
Q.
Any molecule that bonds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule.
378
30 sec
Q.
The enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to protein.
379
30 sec
Q.
Converts ATP to cyclic AMP in response to an extracellular signal.
380
30 sec
Q.
Enzymes that can rapidly remove phosphate groups from proteins.
381
30 sec
Q.
Small, non-protein water soluble molecules or ions that send messages throughout the cells by diffusion.
382
30 sec
Q.
Produced by cleavage of a certain kind of phospholipid in the plasma membrane.
383
30 sec
Q.
A type of large relay protein to which several other relay proteins are simultaneously attached to increase the efficiency of signal transduction.
384
30 sec
Q.
Study of the structure of an organism.
385
30 sec
Q.
Study of the functions an organism performs.
386
30 sec
Q.
Groups of cells with a common structure and function.
387
30 sec
Q.
Tissue that covers outside of the body and lines organs and cavities.
388
30 sec
Q.
Tissue that absorbs or secretes chemical solutions.
389
30 sec
Q.
Membrane that secretes mucus that lubricates the surface of organs and keeps them moist.
390
30 sec
Q.
Single layer of cells.
391
30 sec
Q.
Multiples tiers of cells.
392
30 sec
Q.
Dice-shaped cells.
393
30 sec
Q.
Cells shaped like bricks standing on end.
394
30 sec
Q.
Cells that are like floor tiles.
395
30 sec
Q.
Tissue that functions mainly to bind and support other tissues.
396
30 sec
Q.
Fibers made of collagen.
397
30 sec
Q.
Fibers made of elastin.
398
30 sec
Q.
Fibers made of collagen fibers that are very thin and branched. Forma tightly woven fabric that joins connective tissue to adjacent tissues.
399
30 sec
Q.
In connective tissue, cells that secrete the proteins of the fibers.
400
30 sec
Q.
Amoeboid cells that roam connective tissue and engulf foreign particles and debris of dead cells.
401
30 sec
Q.
Tissue made of cells capable of contracting.
402
30 sec
Q.
Tissue that senses stimuli and transmits signals.
403
30 sec
Q.
Cells at the base of an epithelial layer are attached to this.
404
30 sec
Q.
Tissue that binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place. Contains collagenous, elastic, and recticular fibers.
405
30 sec
Q.
Dense tissue, large number of collagen fibers organized into parallel bundles. Includes ligaments and tendons.
406
30 sec
Q.
Mineralized connective tissue.
407
30 sec
Q.
Bone-forming cells.
408
30 sec
Q.
Connective tissue made of plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.
409
30 sec
Q.
Tissue that stores fat.
410
30 sec
Q.
Attach muscles to bones.
411
30 sec
Q.
Join bones to bones at joints.
412
30 sec
Q.
Made of collagenous fibers in matrix of chondroitin sulfate.
413
30 sec
Q.
Cells that secrete cartilage.
414
30 sec
Q.
Muscle that is striated, multinucleated.
415
30 sec
Q.
Muscle that is not striated, is single nucleated.
416
30 sec
Q.
Muscle that is branched, striated, singe nucleated.
417
30 sec
Q.
Tissues are organized into:, group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions.
418
30 sec
Q.
Sheets of connective tissue in moist or fluid-filled body cavities.
419
30 sec
Q.
cavity housing lungs and heart
420
30 sec
Q.
Cavity housing intestines.
421
30 sec
Q.
Flow of energy through an animal. Limits its behavior, growth, reproduction.
422
30 sec
Q.
Amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time; the sum of all the energy-requiring biochemical reactions.
423
30 sec
Q.
Animals that are warmed mostly by heat generated by metabolism.
424
30 sec
Q.
Animals that gain heat mostly from external sources.
425
30 sec
Q.
The metabolic rate of a nongrowing, resting, fasting, nonstressed endotherm.
426
30 sec
Q.
The metabolic rate of a resting, fasting, nonstressed ectotherm.
427
30 sec
Q.
Watery, internal environment of vertebrates.
428
30 sec
Q.
"Steady state" or "constant internal milieu".
429
30 sec
Q.
An animal that uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in the face of external fluctuation.
430
30 sec
Q.
An animal that allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes.
431
30 sec
Q.
A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will counteract the change. Maintains a steady state.
432
30 sec
Q.
A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will amplify the change. Takes organism away from a steady state.
433
30 sec
Q.
Process of maintaining an internal temperature within a tolerable range.
434
30 sec
Q.
Increases in the diameter of superficial blood vessels; cools the body.
435
30 sec
Q.
Reduces blood flow and heat transfer by decreasing the diameter of superficial blood vessels.
436
30 sec
Q.
In ectotherms, a circulatory adaptation that is an arrangement of blood vessels that warm or cool the blood.
437
30 sec
Q.
When hormones cause mitochondria to produce heat instead of ATP in some mammals.
438
30 sec
Q.
Tissue in neck and between shoulders of some mammals that is specialized for rapid heat production.
439
30 sec
Q.
Adjusting to a new range of environmental temperatures.
440
30 sec
Q.
Proteins that help maintain integrity of other proteins that would normally be denatured in extreme heat.
441
30 sec
Q.
Physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases.
442
30 sec
Q.
Long-term torpor that is an adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity.
443
30 sec
Q.
Summer torpor. Enables animals to survive long periods of high temperatures and scarce water supplies.
444
30 sec
Q.
in small mammals and birds, daily lowering of metabolism that allows them to survive on stored energy
445
30 sec
Q.
Begins with a specific molecule, which is then altered in a series of defined steps, resulting in a certain product.
446
30 sec
Q.
Metabolic pathways that release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds.
447
30 sec
Q.
Metabolic pathways that consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones.
448
30 sec
Q.
The study of how organisms manage their energy resources.
449
30 sec
Q.
Energy associated with relative motion of objects.
450
30 sec
Q.
Kinetic energy associated with the random movement of molecules or atoms.
451
30 sec
Q.
Occurs when an object is not moving, but may still posses energy.
452
30 sec
Q.
Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
453
30 sec
Q.
A measure of disorder or randomness.
454
30 sec
Q.
Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.
455
30 sec
Q.
Measures the portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system, as in a living cell.
456
30 sec
Q.
Reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings.
457
30 sec
Q.
Reaction that proceeds with a net release of free energy.
458
30 sec
Q.
The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one.
459
30 sec
Q.
Composed of a sugar ribose, nitrogenous base adenine, and a chain of three phosphate groups bonded to it.
460
30 sec
Q.
The metabolic process of introducing a phosphate group into an organic molecule.
461
30 sec
Q.
A chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.
462
30 sec
Q.
A catalytic protein.
463
30 sec
Q.
The amount of energy needed to push the reactants over an energy barrier.
464
30 sec
Q.
When an enzyme binds to its substrate, it forms:
465
30 sec
Q.
A pocket or groove on the surface of the enzyme.
466
30 sec
Q.
Brings chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze the chemical reaction.
467
30 sec
Q.
Non-protein helpers that may be bound tightly to the enzyme as a permanent resident, or may bind loosely and reversibly along with the substrate.
468
30 sec
Q.
If the cofactor is an organic molecule.
469
30 sec
Q.
Reduce the productivity of enzymes by blocking substrates from entering active sites.
470
30 sec
Q.
Impede enzymatic reactions by binding to another part of the enzyme (other than the active site).
471
30 sec
Q.
When a protein's function at one site is affected by the binding of a regulatory molecule to a separate site.
472
30 sec
Q.
It amplifies the response of enzymes to substrates.
473
30 sec
Q.
A metabolic pathway is switched off by the inhibitory binding of its end product to an enzyme that acts early in the pathway.
474
30 sec
Q.
A partial degradation of sugars that occur without the use of oxygen.
475
30 sec
Q.
When oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel.
476
30 sec
Q.
When there is a transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another.
477
30 sec
Q.
Loss of electrons.
478
30 sec
Q.
Gain of electrons.
479
30 sec
Q.
A reduces B, which accepts the donated electrons.
480
30 sec
Q.
B oxidizes A by removing A's electrons.
481
30 sec
Q.
Breaks the fall of electrons to oxygen in several energy-releasing steps.
482
30 sec
Q.
Breaking glucose into two molecules of a compound called pyruvate.
483
30 sec
Q.
Completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide.
484
30 sec
Q.
When energy is released at each step of the chain is stored in a form the mitochondrion can use to make ATP.
485
30 sec
Q.
When an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule.
486
30 sec
Q.
Is formed when pyruvate first enters into the mitochondria via active transport.
487
30 sec
Q.
The enzyme that make ATP from ADPand inorganic phosphate.
488
30 sec
Q.
When energy is stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane which is used to drive cellular work.
489
30 sec
Q.
Emphasizes the capactiy of the gradient to preform work.
490
30 sec
Q.
Occurs by fermentation, which generate ATP solely by substrate-level phosphorylation.
491
30 sec
Q.
When pyruvate is converted to ethanol in 2 steps.
492
30 sec
Q.
When pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactic as am end product, with no release of carbon dioxide.
493
30 sec
Q.
Can make enough ATP to survive using using fermentation or respiration.
494
30 sec
Q.
Immunity that is present before exposure and effective from birth. Responds to a broad range of pathogens.
495
30 sec
Q.
Immunity that is present only after exposure and is highly specific.
496
30 sec
Q.
White blood cells.
497
30 sec
Q.
Protein that is produced by lymphocytes and that attaches to a specific antigen.