Molecule with partial charges. Mixes with water.

No partial charges. Do not mix with water.

Attraction of an atom for electrons in a covalent bond.

Water molecules sticking to each other.

Water molecules sticking to other surfaces.

Something dissolved in a solution.

Dissolving agent of a solution.

Same atoms but different arrangement.

Differ in arrangement of atoms.

Differ in arrangement around a double bond.

Structures that are like a mirror-image.

Monomer for starch and glycogen.

Monomer for cellulose and chitin.

Carbohydrate component of plant cell walls.

Storage polysaccharide of plants.

Extremely branched polymer of glucose.

Polysaccharide found in arthropod exoskeletons and fungal cell walls.

Suffix of a sugar.

Glycerol and three fatty acids.

Made of four rings of carbon.

Steroid common in cell membranes, also in many hormones.

Bonds that connect amino acids.

Determined amino acid sequence of proteins.

Reinforce tertiary structure.

Chain of amino acids.

Either an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet.

Results from interactions between side chains.

Results from two or more polypeptide subunits.

Suffix of a protein.

Bases with a double-ring structure.

Bases with a single-ring structure.

Bonds between phosphate group and pentose sugar in nucleic acids.

To put together.

To break apart.

Condensation reaction where molecules are connected by loss of a water molecule.

Reaction where water split into two hydrogens and one oxygen; this breaks a polymer.

Metabolic pathways that construct molecules, requiring energy.

Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy.

A population can change over time if individuals with more fit traits leave more offspring than less fit individuals.

An accumulation of inherited characteristics that enhance organisms' ability to survive and reproduce in specific environments.

Humans modifying species for desired traits through selective breeding.

Darwin's way of referring to evolution.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Individuals whose inherited traits confer an advantage have a better chance of surviving in a given environment and will leave more offspring.

Similarity resulting from common ancestry.

Same structure, different function. Comes from common ancestor.

Embryos of vertebrates share many anatomical homologies.

Are little or no importance to organism, but remain from an ancestor.

Geographic distribution of species.

Change in genetic makeup of a population from generation to generation.

Evolutionary change above the species level.

Group of individuals of the same species living in the same area.

Study of allele frequency distribution and change under the influence of evolutionary processes.

All the genes in a given population at a given time.

Proportion of an allele in a gene pool.

Helps measure changes in allele frequencies over time. Provides an "ideal" population to use as a basis of comparison.

Changes in the nucleotide sequence in DNA.

Crossing over and shuffling of genes during meiosis.

Change in allele frequencies due to chance.

When a population has been dramatically reduced, and the gene pool is no longer reflective of the original population's.

When a small number of individuals colonize a new area; the new gene pool is not reflective of original population.

When a population gains or loses alleles., movement of alleles into or out of a population due to the migration of individuals to or from the population.

Heritable variations in a population.

Characteristics that are classified on an either-or basis, determined by a single gene locus.

Characteristics that vary along a continuum, usually due to influence of two or more genes.

Difference in variation between population subgroups in different areas.

A graded change in a trait along a geographic axis.

Fitness of a particular genotype.

Shift toward a favorable variation.

Shift toward the extremes.

Shift that favors the mean.

Maintains recessive alleles in a population,

Natural selection for mating success.

Differences between the sexes in secondary sexual characteristics.

Origin of new species and the source of biological diversity.

Species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to produce fertile offspring.

Barriers that impede members of two different species fro producing fertile offspring.

Barriers that impede mating or hinder fertilization.

When two species encounter each other only rarely.

When two species breed at different times of day, season, or years.

Incompatible courtship rituals, pheromones, or bird songs.

Morphological differences prevent fertilization.

When sperm can't fertilize the eggs.

Barriers that prevent the hybrid zygote from becoming a fertile adult.

When the genes of different species interact and impair hybrid development.

Sterile hybrids due to uneven chromosome number.

Hybrid is fertile, but when they breed the next generation is sterile.

When a population is divided; leads to speciation.

Speciation without a divided population.

In plants, the result of an extra set of chromosomes during cell division.

Having more than two sets of chromosomes from a single species.

Sterile hybrid is changed to a fertile polyploid due to mutation; fertile with each other, but not parent species.

Evolution of many new species from a common ancestor as a result of introduction to new environments.

A model of evolution in which a new species will change the most as it buds from a parent species, and then will change little for the rest of its existence.

A model of evolution in which gradual change over a long period of time leads to biological diversity.

Change in the rate or timing of a developmental event; an organism's shape depends on relative growth rate of body parts.

Proportioning that gives a body a specific form.

Genes that determine basic features of where a body part is.

Class of homeotic genes. Changes in these genes can have a profound impact on morphology.

Evolutionary history of a species or group of species.

Analytical approach to understanding the diversity and relationships of present and past organisms.

Anatomical similarity due to convergent evolution.

Analogous structures that have evolved independently.

A classification of organisms into groups based on similarities.

Scientific name.

First part of scientific name.

Second part of scientific name.

Branching diagrams that depict hypotheses about evolutionary relationships.

Diagram that shows patterns of shared characteristics.

A taxonomic grouping that includes only a single ancestor and all of its descendants.

A phylogenetic classification system that uses shared derived characters and ancestry as the sole criterion for grouping taxa.

A taxonomic grouping that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants.

A monophyletic group in which some descendants of the common ancestor have been removed.

A taxonomic grouping consisting of several species that lack a common ancestor (more work is needed to uncover species that tie them together into a monophyletic clade).

Trait shared beyond the taxon.

Evolutionary novelty unique to that clade.

Species or group of species closely related to the ingroup.

Diagram in which the length of a branch reflects number of changes in a DNA sequence.

Diagram in which length of a branch reflects amounts of actual time.

"Occam's Razor." A principle that states that when considering multiple explanations for an observation, one should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts.

A principle that states that when considering multiple phylogenetic hypotheses, one should take into account the one that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events, given certain rules about how DNA changes over time.

Groups of related genes in an organism's genome.

Homologous genes passed in a straight line from one generation to the next.

Homologous genes that are found in the same genome as a result of gene duplication.

Experiment that found that organic molecules can form in a strongly reducing atmosphere.

Aggregates of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by a membrane.

Membrane-bound droplets that form when lipids are added to water.

Dating using decay of radioactive isotopes.

Isotopes that have unstable nuclei and undergo radioactive decay.

Oldest known fossils formed from many layers of bacteria and sediment.

Ancestors of mitochondria and plastids was prokaryotes thatcame to live in a host cell.

Sequence of endosymbiotic events that led to an ancestral eukaryote.

Horizontal gene transfer between different bacteria and archae.

Collections of autonomously replicating cells.

Domains Bacteria, Archae, and Eukarya.

Spherical bacteria.

Rod-shaped bacteria.

Spiral bacteria.

When the membrane shrinks away from the cell wall as a result of water loss.

Cell bursting.

Cell wall of prokaryotes, but NOT ARCHAEA. Made of a sugar polymer and polypeptide.

Used to classify prokaryotes based on cell wall composition. Important for antibiotics; some antibiotics work on one but not the other.

Bacteria that have simple cell walls with much peptidoglycan.

Bacteria that have complex cell walls with less peptidoglycan but with lipopolysaccharides. Very toxic and hard to treat.

Interfere with production of peptidoglycan; harm bacteria but not eukaryotes.

Covers the cell wall in prokaryotes.

Hollow tubes used to move cells or exchange DNA between bacteria by conjunction.

In bacteria, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined.

Movement toward or away from a stimulus.

Small rings of DNA found naturally in some bacterial cells in addition to the main bacterial chromosome. Can contain genes for antibiotic resistance, or other "contingency" functions.

A thick-walled protective spore that forms inside a bacterial cell and resists harsh conditions.

Photosynthetic bacteria.

Organisms that use hydrogen sulfide or other chemicals as energy source instead of light.

Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls lacking peptidoglycan. Like eukaryotes, DNA contains histone proteins.

Archaea that live in extreme environments.

Archaea that thrive in very hot environments, such as volcanic springs.

Archaea that release methane, a greenhouse gas.

Resistance evolving rapidly in many species of prokaryotes due to overuse of antibiotics, especially in agriculture.

Study of interactions between organisms and the environment.

Nonliving components of environment.

All the plant and animal life of a particular region.

Biotic factors.

All species that inhabit an area.

The sum of all ecosystems.

Broad patterns of distribution due to continental drift and barriers such as deserts and mountain ranges.

Movement of individuals away from centers of high population density or their area of origin.

Movement of a species to areas where it was previously absent.

An area where an organism could potentially survive and reproduce.

Area an organism actually occupies.

Prevailing weather conditions of an area.

Patterns on the global, regional and local level.

Very fine patterns of climate influenced by features of the environment such as shade ares and wind patterns.

Seasonal changes in warm and cool water layers in lakes.

Major types of ecological association that occupy broad geographic regions.

The size of the population within a particular unit of space.

Pattern of spacing among individuals.

A sampling technique used to estimate wildlife populations.

New individuals moving into population. Increases population size.

Movement out of population. Decreases population size.

Random spacing of individuals of the same species within an area.

The most common pattern of dispersion; individuals aggregated in patches.

The pattern in which individuals are equally spaced throughout a habitat.

Defense of a space against encroachment by other individuals.

Study of vital statistics of a population and how they change over time.

Age-specific summaries of survival patterns of a population.

A group of individuals of the same age.

Graph of the proportion of a cohort still alive at each age.

Curve that shows low death rate at early and mid-life and drops at old age, as seen in humans and large animals.

Curve that represents constant death rate over lifespan small animals and invertebrates.

Curve that drops sharply at the start then levels off once individuals reach a critical age, as seen in organisms that produce large numbers of offspring.

Study of females to determine reproductive output and how it varies with age of female.

Age-specific summary of reproductive rates in a population.

Traits that affect an organism's schedule of reproduction and survival.

Species that have only a single reproductive opportunity, such as agave and salmon.

Species that reproduce over and over.

Big-bang reproduction.

Repeated reproduction.

Average number of offspring produced per individual during a specified period of time.

Expected number of deaths in a population in a specified period of time.

Difference between per capita birth and per capita death rates.

When per capita birth and death rates are equal. (r = 0)

Population increase under ideal conditions, when r > 0. Forms a J-shaped curve.

When limiting factors restrict size of population to the carrying capacity of the environment. Forms an S-shaped curve.

Maximum population size that a particular environment can support.

Life history traits sensitive to population density. Small number of large offspring, extensive parental care, repeated reproduction.

Life history traits maximize reproductive success in uncrowded environments. Many small offspring that mature quickly, little if any parental care.

When birth or death rates do not change with population density.

When birth or death rates do change with population density.

When many populations are linked.

Movement from a high birth rate, high death rate to a low birth rate, low death rate.

Relative number of individuals at each age.

Number of infant deaths per thousand live births.

Predicted average length of life at birth.

Land and water area appropriated by each nation as a resource to consume or to absorb the waste it generates.

Species compete for a limiting resource. (-/-)

Strong competition can lead to local elimination of one of the species.

Two species competing for same limiting resource cannot coexist in one place; one species will have an advantage that will eventually lead to competitive exclusion

Sum total of a species' use of the biotic and abiotic resources.

Sum total of a species' use of the biotic and abiotic resources; an organism's "role".

The niche species could potentially occupy.

The niche species actually occupies.

Differentiation of niches that enables similar species to coexist.

Tendency of characteristics to be more divergent in sympatric populations than allopatric populations.

Camouflage; makes an organism difficult to spot.

Bright warning colors in animals with a chemical defense.

Species mimics the appearance of an unpalatable or harmful.

Two or more unpalatable species resemble each other.

Parasites that live within the body of their host.

Parasites that feed on external surface of host.

Insects that lay eggs on or in living host; larvae feed on body of host, eventually killing it. (+/-)

Interspecific interaction that benefits both species. (+/+)

Interaction between species that benefits one but neither helps or harms the other. (+/0)

Reciprocal evolutionary adaptations of two interacting species.

Not necessarily abundant, but exert a strong control on community structure due to a pivotal ecological role.

Variety of different kinds of organisms that make up a community.

Total number of different species.

The proportion of each species.

Feeding relationships between organisms in a community.

Autotroph.

Herbivore.

Carnivore that eats herbivores.

Carnivore that eats carnivores.

Carnivore that eats tertiary consumers.

Linked food chains.

Length of a food chain is limited by the inefficiency of energy transfer.

Long food chains are less stable than short chains.

Species that are the most abundant or have the most biomass.

Total dry mass of all individuals in a population.

Species generally introduced by humans, that take hold outside of their native range.

Cause physical changes in environment that affect community structure.

Foundation species have positive effects on other species.

Unidirectional influence from lower to higher trophic levels. (V --> H)

Influence moves from top trophic levels to bottom. (V <-- H)

Technique for restoring eutrophic lakes that reduces populations of algae by manipulating higher-level consumers.

Communities are constantly changing after being buffeted by disturbances.

An event, such as storm, fire, flood, drought, overgrazing or human activity, that changes a community and alters resource availability.

Moderate levels of disturbance can create conditions that foster greater species diversity.

Reduces species diversity in all communities.

Gradual recolonization of a disturbed area; species replaced by other species which are replaced by other species.

Succession that begins in a virtually lifeless area.

The first species that colonize new area, such as lichen and mosses.

Succession when an existing community has been cleared, but soil left intact.

Species diversity highest at equator, decreases toward poles.

Evaporation of water from soil plus transpiration from plants. Correlates with species richness.

The larger the geographic area, the greater the number of species.

Islands great for study due to isolation and limited size; can study species diversity and extinction rates.

Consists of all the organisms living in a community as well as all the abiotic factors with which they interact.

Obtain energy from detritus.

Nonliving organic maters such as remains of dead organisms, feces, fallen leaves, dead wood.

Amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs.

Amount of light energy that is converted to chemical energy by photosynthesis.

Energy used by primary producers for respiration.

Depth to which light penetrates limits primary production.

Greater limiting factor than light in oceans and lakes.

Sewage and fertilizer runoff adds nutrients to lakes; phytoplankton decreases and cyanobacteria increases.

Annual amount of water transpired by plants and evaporated from landscape.

Amount of chemical energy in consumers' food that is converted to new biomass.

The fraction of energy stored in food that was not used for cell respiration.

Percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next.

90% of all energy is lost between trophic levels.

Only 10% of the total energy produced at each trophic level is available to the next level. The amount of energy passed up to the levels of the food pyramid reduces as you go up.

Each on this pyramid tier represents standing crop.

Standing crop biomass compared to production.

Number of organisms at each trophic level.

Terrestrial herbivores consume relatively little plant biomass because they are held in check by predators, parasites and disease.

The amount of added nutrient that can be absorbed by plants without damaging ecosystem.

Toxins become more concentrated in successive trophic levels.

Carbon dioxide and water vapor in atmosphere trap infrared radiation, re-reflecting it back toward earth.

Protective layer in atmosphere that shields earth from UV radiation.

Integrates ecology, physiology, molecular biology, genetics and evolutionary biology to conserve biological diversity.

Applies ecological principles in an effort to return degraded ecosystems to conditions as similar as possible to their natural state.

Species that is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

Species that is likely to become endangered.

Use of living organisms such as prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to detoxify polluted ecosystems.

Uses organisms to add essential materials to degraded ecosystems.

Structures specialized to perform distinct processes within a cell.

The soluble portion of the cytoplasm, which includes molecules and small particles, such as ribosomes, but not the organelles covered with membranes.

Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes.

The region of the cell between the cell membrane and the nucleus.

The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition.

Double membrane perforated with pores that control the flow of materials in and out of the nucleus.

A netlike array of protein filaments lining the inner surface of the nuclear envelope; it helps maintain the shape of the nucleus.

A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins.

The readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteins.

Small, dense region within most nuclei in which the assembly of proteins begins.

A network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.

Small membrane-bound sac that functions in moving products into, out of, and within a cell.

Synthesis of lipids, phospholipids and steroid sex hormones-help detoxify drugs and poisons (liver cells).

A network of interconnected membranous sacs in a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm; covered with ribosomes that make membrane proteins and secretory proteins.

A protein with one or more carbohydrates covalently attached to it.

Vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another.

Stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum.

Process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell.

A cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes.

A membranous sac that helps move excess water out of the cell.

The organelles in which nutrients are converted to energy.

Organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis.

A microbody containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide.

Infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electon transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.

Membranous structures within a chloroplast that serve as the site for light harvesting in photosynthesis.

The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.

Network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement.

The motion of cytoplasm in a cell that results in a coordinated movement of the cell's contents.

Strong layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria.

When a substance moves from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Due to entropy.

The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.

The diffusion of small solutes through a selectively permeable membrane.

Transport of a substance across a cell membrane by diffusion. No cell energy required.

When a cell gets materials or excretes them by using its own energy, usually through ATP; going against a concentration gradient.

Describes a solution that has a greater concentration of total solute.

Describes a solution that has a lesser concentration of total solute.

Describes solutions that have an equal concentration of total solutes.

The pressure inside of a cell as a cell pushes itself against the cell wall.

This happens when a cell shrinks inside its cell wall while the cell wall remains intact.

This happens when water moves, but the amount within the cell is constant; no pressure builds.

This happens when a cell swells until pressure bursts it, resulting in cell death.

This happens when a cell shrinks and shrivels; can result in cell death if severe.

The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure.

This measurement has a maximum value of 0; it decreases as the concentration of a solute increases.

This measurement has a minimum value of 0 (when the solution is open to the environment); it increases as pressure increases.

A property of a plasma membrane that allows some substances to cross more easily than others.

Molecules are said to be this when it has regions that are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic.

Structural model of the plasma membrane where molecules are free to move sideways within a lipid bilayer.

Integral proteins that span the membrane.

Integral proteins that span the membrane.

The proteins of a membrane that are not embedded in the lipid bilayer; they are appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane.

An exchange of molecules (and their kinetic energy and momentum) across the boundary between adjacent layers of a fluid or across cell membranes.

A protein built into the membrane with active site exposed.

A series of molecular changes that converts a signal on a target cell's surface to a specific response inside the cell.

The function of membrane proteins in which some glycoproteins serve as ID tags that are recognized by membrane proteins of other cells.

The function of membrane proteins in which membrane proteins of adjacent cells hook together, as in gap junctions or tight junctions.

Membrane carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to lipids.

Membrane carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to proteins.

A membrane protein, specifically a transport protein, that has a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or atomic ions use as a tunnel.

A membrane protein, specifically a transport protein, that has a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or atomic ions use as a tunnel.

A membrane protein, specifically a transport protein, that facilitates the passage of water through channel proteins.

A membrane protein, specifically a transport protein, that holds onto molecules and changes their shapes in a way that shuttles them across the membrane.

A difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance.

The ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water; depends partly on concentration of nonpenetrating solutes relative to inside of cell.

The control of water balance.

A cell with a cell wall that has a reasonable amount of pressure but is healthy.

Passive diffusion that is aided by transport proteins, but that does not require cellular energy.

The voltage of a plasma membrane.

The combination of forces that acts on membrane potential.

A protein channel in a cell membrane that opens or closes in response to a particular stimulus.

A transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane, causing a net separation in charge.

An electrogenic pump that works largely with H+ ions.

The coupling of the "downhill" diffusion of one substance to the "uphill" transport of another against its own concentration gradient.

Occurs when a cell secretes certain biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane.

Occurs when a cell takes in biological molecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane.

Process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell.

A type of endocytosis in which the cell "gulps" droplets of fluid into tiny vesicles.

A type of endocytosis in which the cell acquires bulk quantities of specific substances, even though they may not be very concentrated in the extracellular fluid.

Any molecule that bonds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule.

The process by which a signal on a cell's surface is converted into a specific cellular response.

These regulators influence cells in the vicinity of them.

Circulating chemical signals that are formed in specialized cells, travels in body fluids, and act on specific target cells.

Any molecule that bonds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule.

The enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to protein.

Converts ATP to cyclic AMP in response to an extracellular signal.

Enzymes that can rapidly remove phosphate groups from proteins.

Small, non-protein water soluble molecules or ions that send messages throughout the cells by diffusion.

Produced by cleavage of a certain kind of phospholipid in the plasma membrane.

A type of large relay protein to which several other relay proteins are simultaneously attached to increase the efficiency of signal transduction.

Study of the structure of an organism.

Study of the functions an organism performs.

Groups of cells with a common structure and function.

Tissue that covers outside of the body and lines organs and cavities.

Tissue that absorbs or secretes chemical solutions.

Membrane that secretes mucus that lubricates the surface of organs and keeps them moist.

Single layer of cells.

Multiples tiers of cells.

Dice-shaped cells.

Cells shaped like bricks standing on end.

Cells that are like floor tiles.

Tissue that functions mainly to bind and support other tissues.

Fibers made of collagen.

Fibers made of elastin.

Fibers made of collagen fibers that are very thin and branched. Forma tightly woven fabric that joins connective tissue to adjacent tissues.

In connective tissue, cells that secrete the proteins of the fibers.

Amoeboid cells that roam connective tissue and engulf foreign particles and debris of dead cells.

Tissue made of cells capable of contracting.

Tissue that senses stimuli and transmits signals.

Cells at the base of an epithelial layer are attached to this.

Tissue that binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place. Contains collagenous, elastic, and recticular fibers.

Dense tissue, large number of collagen fibers organized into parallel bundles. Includes ligaments and tendons.

Mineralized connective tissue.

Bone-forming cells.

Connective tissue made of plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.

Tissue that stores fat.

Attach muscles to bones.

Join bones to bones at joints.

Made of collagenous fibers in matrix of chondroitin sulfate.

Cells that secrete cartilage.

Muscle that is striated, multinucleated.

Muscle that is not striated, is single nucleated.

Muscle that is branched, striated, singe nucleated.

Tissues are organized into:, group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions.

Sheets of connective tissue in moist or fluid-filled body cavities.

cavity housing lungs and heart

Cavity housing intestines.

Flow of energy through an animal. Limits its behavior, growth, reproduction.

Amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time; the sum of all the energy-requiring biochemical reactions.

Animals that are warmed mostly by heat generated by metabolism.

Animals that gain heat mostly from external sources.

The metabolic rate of a nongrowing, resting, fasting, nonstressed endotherm.

The metabolic rate of a resting, fasting, nonstressed ectotherm.

Watery, internal environment of vertebrates.

"Steady state" or "constant internal milieu".

An animal that uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in the face of external fluctuation.

An animal that allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes.

A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will counteract the change. Maintains a steady state.

A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will amplify the change. Takes organism away from a steady state.

Process of maintaining an internal temperature within a tolerable range.

Increases in the diameter of superficial blood vessels; cools the body.

Reduces blood flow and heat transfer by decreasing the diameter of superficial blood vessels.

In ectotherms, a circulatory adaptation that is an arrangement of blood vessels that warm or cool the blood.

When hormones cause mitochondria to produce heat instead of ATP in some mammals.

Tissue in neck and between shoulders of some mammals that is specialized for rapid heat production.

Adjusting to a new range of environmental temperatures.

Proteins that help maintain integrity of other proteins that would normally be denatured in extreme heat.

Physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases.

Long-term torpor that is an adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity.

Summer torpor. Enables animals to survive long periods of high temperatures and scarce water supplies.

in small mammals and birds, daily lowering of metabolism that allows them to survive on stored energy

Begins with a specific molecule, which is then altered in a series of defined steps, resulting in a certain product.

Metabolic pathways that release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds.

Metabolic pathways that consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones.

The study of how organisms manage their energy resources.

Energy associated with relative motion of objects.

Kinetic energy associated with the random movement of molecules or atoms.

Occurs when an object is not moving, but may still posses energy.

Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.

A measure of disorder or randomness.

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.

Measures the portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system, as in a living cell.

Reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings.

Reaction that proceeds with a net release of free energy.

The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one.

Composed of a sugar ribose, nitrogenous base adenine, and a chain of three phosphate groups bonded to it.

The metabolic process of introducing a phosphate group into an organic molecule.

A chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.

A catalytic protein.

The amount of energy needed to push the reactants over an energy barrier.

When an enzyme binds to its substrate, it forms:

A pocket or groove on the surface of the enzyme.

Brings chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze the chemical reaction.

Non-protein helpers that may be bound tightly to the enzyme as a permanent resident, or may bind loosely and reversibly along with the substrate.

If the cofactor is an organic molecule.

Reduce the productivity of enzymes by blocking substrates from entering active sites.

Impede enzymatic reactions by binding to another part of the enzyme (other than the active site).

When a protein's function at one site is affected by the binding of a regulatory molecule to a separate site.

It amplifies the response of enzymes to substrates.

A metabolic pathway is switched off by the inhibitory binding of its end product to an enzyme that acts early in the pathway.

A partial degradation of sugars that occur without the use of oxygen.

When oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel.

When there is a transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another.

Loss of electrons.

Gain of electrons.

A reduces B, which accepts the donated electrons.

B oxidizes A by removing A's electrons.

Breaks the fall of electrons to oxygen in several energy-releasing steps.

Breaking glucose into two molecules of a compound called pyruvate.

Completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide.

When energy is released at each step of the chain is stored in a form the mitochondrion can use to make ATP.

When an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule.

Is formed when pyruvate first enters into the mitochondria via active transport.

The enzyme that make ATP from ADPand inorganic phosphate.

When energy is stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane which is used to drive cellular work.

Emphasizes the capactiy of the gradient to preform work.

Occurs by fermentation, which generate ATP solely by substrate-level phosphorylation.

When pyruvate is converted to ethanol in 2 steps.

When pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactic as am end product, with no release of carbon dioxide.

Can make enough ATP to survive using using fermentation or respiration.

Immunity that is present before exposure and effective from birth. Responds to a broad range of pathogens.

Immunity that is present only after exposure and is highly specific.

White blood cells.

Protein that is produced by lymphocytes and that attaches to a specific antigen.