a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 402)

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 402)

a basic bodily requirement. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 403)

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 403)

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 403)

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 403)

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 404)

Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 405, 591)

the body's resting rate of energy output. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 411)

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 409)

the point at which your "weight thermostat" may be set. When your body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore lost weight. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 411)

defined as a body mass index (BMI) measurement of 30 or higher. (Overweight individuals have a BMI of 25 or higher.) (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 414)

having no sexual attraction to others. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 418)

sex hormones, such as estradiol, that contribute to female sex characteristics and are secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. Estrogen levels peak during ovulation. In nonhuman mammals, this promotes sexual receptivity. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 418)

the most important male sex hormone. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs during the fetal period and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 418, 545)

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson—excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 419)

(1) in neural processing, a brief resting pause that occurs after a neuron has fired; subsequent action potentials cannot occur until the axon returns to its resting state. (2) in human sexuality, a resting period that occurs after orgasm, during which a person cannot achieve another orgasm. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 83, 420)

need the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 423)

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 425)

excessive self-love and self-absorption. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 427, 615)

a desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 428)

in psychology, passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 429, 629)

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus: stimulus S arousal S emotion. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 433)

a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 433)

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 433)

the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 434)

a machine used in attempts to detect lies that measures several of the physiological responses (such as perspiration, heart rate, and breathing changes) accompanying emotion. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 439)

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 447)

effect the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and actions. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 448)

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 450)

Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 454)

under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend). (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 455)

a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 456)

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 456)

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 459)

Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 459)

Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 459)

in psychology, the idea that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 460)

sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; also helps alleviate depression and anxiety. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 467)

a reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 470)

people's tendency to be helpful when in a good mood. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 473)

the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 16, 473)

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 473)

our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 476)

the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 476)

an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 578)

theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 578)

(1) Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. (2) Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique used in treating psychological disorders. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the therapist's interpretations of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 578, 723)

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 579)

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 579)

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 580)

the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 580)

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 580)

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 580)

according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 580)

the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 581)

(1) in cognition, the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an obstacle to problem solving. (2) in personality theory, according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 371, 581)

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 581)

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 355, 581)

Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 583)

a personality test, such as the Rorschach, that provides ambiguous images designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 584)

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 584)

the most widely used projective test; a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 584)

a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 588)

Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 405, 591)

theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 591)

according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 591)

according to Maslow, the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 591)

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 592, 726)

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question, "Who am I?" (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 515, 592)

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act in certain ways, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 596)

a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 598)

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 598)

a test (such as the MMPI) created by selecting from a pool of items those that discriminate between groups. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 599)

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 606)

focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 606)

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 606)

in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 611)

overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us). (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 611)

one's feelings of high or low self-worth. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 612)

one's sense of competence and effectiveness. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 612)

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 614)

excessive self-love and self-absorption. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 427, 615)

giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 616)

giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 616)