Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system has

Endocrine glands

Which is not a characteristic of the endocrine system?

When a chemical messenger helps initiate an inflammatory response by causing cellular changes in neighboring cells, its is demonstrating _________ signaling.

Most hormones are made of chains of amino acids and are therefore

Steroid hormones are lipids, derived from

Which type of hormone requires a carrier protein in the blood?

The binding of a hormone and a carrier protein is _____; a very _____ fraction of such a hormone in the blood is bound to a carrier at any one point in time.

Generally, the shorter the biological half-life of a hormone

The biological half-life of a hormone is

Lipophilic hormones bind to _____ receptors of target cells.

Lipid-soluble hormones, such as progesterone, exert their effects by forming hormone-receptor complexes that

When the effects of water-soluble hormones on their target cells are considered the hormone itself is

A G protein is

Reduced  hormone concentration in the blood often causes target cells to

The term down-regulation refers to the process by which

Glucagon and insulin work _____ on blood glucose levels.

When the effects of one hormone reinforce the activity of another hormone on the same target cell, the interaction is said to be

The part of the brain that functions as the "master control center" of the endocrine system is the

The pituitary gland is located ______ to the hypothalamus and is connected by the _____.

Which love of the pituitary is larger and secretes more hormones?

The hormone oxytocin is synthesized in the

The hormones that come from the posterior pituitary

The two hormones released from the posterior pituitary are 

Where is the pituitary gland located?

Follicle-stimulating hormone is a 

Damage to the liver might impair enzymatic degradation of some hormones. The levels of such hormones in the blood would therefore be expected to

As someone starts to develop in puberty, most cells in their reproductive organs are probably starting to express

Once a structure is fully grown and mature, it will probably

Within the infundibulum, the axons from the neurons extending into the posterior pituitary are known as the

In which order would blood flow through these structures as it travels from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

a. Primary plexus

b. Secondary plexus

c. Hypophyseal portal veins

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone is secreted by the

They hypothalamic hormone that triggers the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is

Which is NOT a tropic hormone?

Where are the target cells for follicle-stimulating hormone?

The primary function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is to 

Which hormones are collectively called the gonadotropins?

Growth hormone is secreted by _____ cells in the anterior pituitary.

Which is not correct regarding growth hormone (GH)?

Exercise causes a(n) _____ in growth hormone (GH) levels; a rise in amino acid levels or decrease in glucose levels causes a(n) ______ in GH levels.

Excessive secretion of growth hormone in adults can cause

The thyroid gland is located

Which is not true about the thyroid gland?

Thyroid hormone synthesis involves secretion of a glycoprotein called _____ by the follicular cells.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is secreted by the

Thyroid hormone's effects are to

You are "shadowing" an endocrinologist who is examining a patient complaining of weakness, weight loss, and heat intolerance. The doctor points out the patient's obvious exophthalmos and asks for your diagnosis. What would you speculate is the patient's problem?

The release of hormones from the adrenal cortex is stimulated by

Which hormone group is not secreted by the adrenal cortex?

Which region of the adrenal cortex synthesizes glucocorticoids?

What is the function of the mineralocorticoids secreted by the adrenal gland?

The condition called _____ is caused by excessive secretion of glucocorticoids, and is characterized by redistribution of body fat to produce characteristic features such as "moon face."

The release of hormones from the adrenal medulla is stimulated by

The adrenal glands are located _____ to the parietal peritoneum and each has a cortex of a _____ color.

In most of its target cells, cortisol _____ glucose uptake and _____ protein metabolism.

Cortisol bind to _____ receptors and has the effect of _____ blood glucose levels.

Which hormone induces its target cells to take up glucose, thereby lowering blood glucose levels?

Which is not a cell type found in the pancreatic islets?

Which is not correct regarding the pancreas?

In response to high blood glucose, the pancreas releases insulin to enable glucose to enter body cells. When the blood glucose level returns to normal, insulin release stops. This is an example of regulation by

The hormone that increases the rate of glycogen breakdown and glucose release by the liver is

Which hormone is secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas?

The metabolic condition called _____ results from the destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas due to an autoimmune response.

The pancreas is located ______ to the stomach, and it lies between the duodenum and the _____.

Insulin cases a(n) _____ in glycogenesis in the liver and a(n) _____ in lipogenesis in adipose.

Glucagon works by

Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland?

Compared to young adults, older individuals usually have _____ levels of circulating growth hormone and _____ levels of circulating sex hormones.

Which of the following is false?

During thyroid surgery, a surgeon mistakenly removes the parathyroid glands from the patient. Which of the following is a likely outcome in the patient.

Which of the following does not have an endocrine function?

In response to excessive amounts of hormone, a target cell may reduce its number of receptors for that hormone. This is an example of

Growth hormone

As growth hormone levels int he blood increase

Calcitonin

A lack of dietary iodine can render the thyroid gland unable to synthesize TH. Without the negative feedback of TH, the anterior pituitary _____, ultimately resulting int he development of a goiter.

Normally, TH has a _____ feedback effect on the anterior pituitary, which responds by _____ release TSH.

Which is not a function of the digestive system?

Which organ is not part of the gastrointestinal tract?

Peristalsis

The initial site of both mechanical and chemical digestion is the

What type of epithelium lines the majority of the oral cavity?

The lining of the gastrointestinal tract allows for absorption and secretion is

Lipid molecules that are absorbed from the GI tract enter

A sphincter is a

Secretin is a hormone that is secreted by the

Cholecystokinin is a(n) _____ released by the _____

An enzyme found within saliva is salivary

Most saliva is produced by the _____ gland

Late one night, while studying for your anatomy class, you open a box of saltine crackers to do a little snacking. After chewing on starchy morsel for a few minutes, you begin to notice a sweet taste in your mouth. What accounts for this?

What is the correct order for the layers of the GI tract wall, from innermost (next to lumen) to outermost?

The inferior esophageal sphincter is also known as the

Manufacturers of some medications used to treat heartburn advertise that their products shut down the acid-producing pumps int he stomach. Where are these "acid-producing pumps"? In other words, which type of gastric gland cell secretes acid?

Of the five types of secretory cells in the gastric glands, which ones secrete pepsinogen?

Gastric mixing changes

Which phase of digestion involves the thought, smell, and sight of food?

Which is an accurate description of glucose and sucrose?

Amylase from saliva digests

Digestion of proteins is initiated by the enzyme

The enzyme pepsin becomes active when pH is

Pepsinogen is an

Intrinsic factor is produced by the _____, binds to vitamin B12 while passing through the GI tract, and the B12-intrinsic factor complex is absorbed in the ______.