pollutants that are released directly into the lower atmosphere.

pollutants that are formed by the combination of primary pollutants in the atmosphere.

carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, toxic metals and particulates

nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and particulate matter

nitrogen dioxides lead to the production of ozone, formation of photochemical smog and convert to nitric acid in the atmosphere, causing acid rain

(SOx) Primary source is coal burning. Primary and secondary effects include acid deposition, respiratory irritation, plant damage. Reduction methods include: scrubbers, burn low sulfur fuel.

(NOx) Major source is auto exhaust. Primary and secondary effects include acidification of lakes, respiratory irritation, leads to smog and ozone. Reduced using catalytic converters.

sulfur dioxide

the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulated the use of lead, particularly in fuels, which dramatically decreased the amount of lead in the atmosphere

automobile exhaust as well as burning of wood and coal

non-moving sources of pollution, such as factories.

pollution sources that are mobile, such as cars

Pollutants discharged from a single identifiable location (e.g., pipes, ditches, channels, sewers, tunnels, containers of various types).

pollution that does not have a specific point of release, open,loop recycling,when materials are reused to form new products.

pollutants judged to pose especially great threats to human health (carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, tropospheric ozone, particulate matter and lead)

Ozone in its normal layer versus ozone that can affect human health in the wrong layer of the atmosphere.

gas that absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation, found in the stratosphere, a zone between 15 and 50 kilometers (9 to 30 miles) above Earth's surface.

smog resulting from emissions from industry and other sources of gases produced by the burning of fossil fuels.

A brownish haze that forms when a mixture of tropospheric ozone, nitrogen dioxides and volatile organic hydrocarbons react with each other in the presence of sunlight

nitrogen dioxide is produced early in the day due to peoples' morning commutes

in the middle of the day and in the summer when sunlight is at its maximum

NO2 turns to NO + O transfers to O + O2 to form O3.

organic compounds that become evaporate or sublimate (solid to gas) at room temperatures; such as formaldehyde and gasoline

trees

Primary pollutants, like oxides of nitrogen and VOCs, interact due to sunlight to produce a hazardous mix of secondary pollutants like nitric oxide and ground-level ozone.

in urban areas because of the large number of motor vehicles there

through the reduction of nitrogen oxide and VOCs

respiratory problems and eye irritation

Conversion of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides to acids that return to Earth as rain, snow, or fog

Acid precipitation in the form of gases and particles, usually occurring two to three days after emission into the atmosphere

Air surrounding Earth;is made up of gases,including 78 percent nitrogen,21 percent oxygen,and 0.03 percent carbon dioxide.

Bottommost layer; (11 km, 7 mi) air denser near surface

2nd layer: 11-50 km (7-31mi) above surface: colder at lower boundary than upper boundary: Ozone absorb and scatter UV radiation

The temperature inversion in which warm air traps cold air and pollutants near the earth

thermal inversion traps pollution close to the ground, especially smog and particulates

gases and particulate material added to the atmosphere that can affect climate or harm people or other organisms

Concentration of trace substances such as carbon monoxide, sulfur oxide, hydrocarbons, and solid particulates, at a greater level than occurs in average air.

The presence of aerosols in the air increase the amount of solar radiation that is reflected back into space. This causes the lower atmosphere to cool. Can cause climate change.

Can cause a haze in the atmosphere that reflects sunlight or increases cloud cover

Required EPA to develop and enforce regulations to protect the public from airborne contaminants; forced states to follow and make sure the laws for followed in relation to the EPA. States allowed to decide officials for enforcement.

strengthened regulations for auto emissions, toxins, acid deposition, ozone depletion, while introducing market incentives, emissions trading

CO , Colorless, odorless, poisonous gas produced by the combustion of carbon or organic fuels. classified as an asphyxiant

substance that can cause unconsciousness or death by suffocation

SO₂ , Created naturally by volcanoes. Human source is mainly from the burning of coal. Creates respiratory problems in humans and acid rain in the environment. colorless gas but pungent odor.

NO₂ , a foul-smelling reddish brown gas, produced primarily by the incomplete combustion of fuel, that contributes to smog and acidic deposition

(NOx) Major source is auto exhaust. Primary and secondary effects include acidification of lakes, respiratory irritation, leads to smog and ozone. Reduced using catalytic converters.

ground level ozone; is considered bad because it is closer to the earth making it more likely for someone to breathe it in. It is also more dangerous because it is made up of particulate matter.

a small discrete mass of solid or liquid matter that remains individually dispersed in gas or liquid emissions (usually considered to be an atmospheric pollutant)

A highly toxic metal that can damage the nervous system, blood, and kidneys, and can cause harm to the development of a children's intellectual abilities. Main source was gasoline.

The fumes given off by organic chemicals such as paints, aerosol sprays, cleaner, disinfectants, new carpets, and glues.

baghouse filters, electrostatic precipitators and scrubbers

devices containing alkaline substances that precipitate out much of the sulfur dioxide from industrial plants.

substances known to cause cancer, reproductive defects, or neurological, developmental, immune system, or respiratory problems.

Consists mostly of sulfur dioxide, suspended droplets of sulfuric acid (formed from some of the sulfur dioxide) and a variety of suspended solid particles and droplets.

brown-air smog: , A brownish haze that is a mixture of tropospheric ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide from car exhaust and other chemicals, formed when pollutants react with each other in the presence of sunlight

widely regarded as harmful bc they are chemically unreactive to normal conditions. but over Antarctica they condense into tiny ice crystals that break down and produce chlorine which attacks and destroys the ozone

Caused by sulfuric and nitric acids resulting in lowered pH of surface waters (acid rain) and soils as well as corrosion of human-made structures

motor vehicles and coal-burning power plants

coal-burning power plants

communities that are downwind from coal-burning power plants

regions with more limestone in the bedrock have more ability to neutralize the effect of acid rain on lakes and ponds

Compounds that affect breathing that occur indoors. Examples: wood stove smoke, furnace emissions, formaldehyde, radon, household chemicals & Tobacco smoke.

asbestos, dust and smoke

A long, thin, fibrous silicate mineral with insulating properties, which can cause cancer when inhaled.

natural sources, human-made sources and combustion

radon, mold and dust

insulation (asbestos), VOCs from furniture, paneling and carpets; formaldehyde from building materials, furniture, upholstery and carpeting; and lead from paints

carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxides, particulates and tobacco smoke

exposure can lead to radon-induced lung cancer, which is the second leading cause of lung cancer in America

can infiltrate homes as it moves up through the soil and enters the home via basements or cracks in the walls or foundation; it is also dissolved in groundwater that enters through a well

Naturally occurring radioactive gas that is produced by the decay or uranium; colorless and odorless; found in some types of soil and rock such as granite

from sources such as respiration, decomposition and volcanic eruptions

volcanoes, lightning, forest fires, plants

regulatory practices, conservation practices and alternative fuels

an air pollution control device on a gasoline pump that prevents fumes from escaping into the atmosphere when fueling a motor vehicle

an air pollution control device in a motor vehicle that converts pollutants (CO, NOx, and hydrocarbons) in exhaust into less harmful molecules (CO2, N2, O2, and H2O)

gases in smokestakes (industrial exhaust streams) are passed through CaO (lime) or CaCO3 (calcium carbonate) to remove particulates and/or gases such as SO2, accumulating in a sludge

scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators

sound at levels high enough to cause physiological stress and hearing loss

transportation, construction and domestic and industrial activity

stress, the masking of sounds used to communicate or hunt, damaged hearing, and causing changes to migratory routes