Species that produce a few, often fairly large offspring but invest a great deal of time and energy to ensure that most of those offspring reach reproductive age.

Species that reproduce early in their life span and produce large numbers of usually small and short-lived offspring in a short period, low paternal care

the struggle between organisms to survive in a habitat with limited resources

Maximum rate at which the population of a given species can increase when there are no limits on its rate of growth.

plants and animals that have migrated to places where they are not native

a graph that represents the distinct patterns of species survival as a function of age

A survivorship curve in which newborns, juveniles, and young adults all have high survival rates and death rates do not begin to increase greatly until old age.

Experience roughly a constant mortality rate regardless of age. Prey animals such as birds can follow this pattern of survival.

Experience the greatest mortality early on in life, with relatively low rates of death for those surviving. Usually r-selected.

Growth where there is unlimited resources and no competition

Where the community has reached its carrying capacity

Maximum population size that a particular environment can support.

A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

when a population becomes larger than the environment's carrying capacity

Sharp reduction in the population of a species when its numbers exceed the carrying capacity of its habitat.

reduction in the number or quantity of something

an extreme shortage of food

An increase in population over a period of time.

limited

fertility

A process of removing salt from ocean water

an epidemic that is geographically widespread

A widespread outbreak of an infectious disease.

broad base = rapid growth; narrow base = negative growth; uniform shape = zero growth

-A country's is determined by its natural increase expressed as a percentage

The average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years.

the incidence of childbearing in a country's population

the total fertility rate needed for a population to replace itself = 2.1

death rate

A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live

per person

The percentage of children who die before their first birthday within a particular area or country.

Number of individuals per unit area

focuses on how the exponential growth of a population can outpace growth of the food supply and lead to social degradation and disorder

limiting factor that affects all populations in similar ways, regardless of population size eg. flood, fire, other natural disasters

factor that limits a population more as population density increases eg. food, shelters, water, spread of disease

Doubling time (in years) = 70/(percentage growth rate).

The number of years needed to double a population

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people

The number of deaths per year per 1,000 people.

The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.

Quality of life based on ownership of necessities and luxuries that make life easier.

Goods that are purchased are imported (into a country). Goods that are exported are sold for profit (sent out of the country).

A measurement of the total goods and services produced within a country.

continued population growth that does not slow in response to growth reduction measures

change in a population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates

countries with strong economies and a high quality of life

countries with less productive economies and a lower quality of life

The scientific study of population characteristics.

(demographic transition) low birth & death rates

birth and death rates high, population grows slowly, infant mortality high

(demographic transition) decline in birth rate, population growth slows

(demographic transition) death rate lower, better health care, population grows fast

Any method used to reduce births, including celibacy, delayed marriage, contraception; devices or medication that prevent implantation of fertilized zygotes, and induced abortions

Movement of individuals into a population

movement of individuals out of a population