The way of identifying, explaining, and predicting the human and physical patterns and the connections of various locations.

the branch of geography dealing with natural features and processes

The study of where and why human activities are located where they are

Exact location of a place on the earth described by global coordinates

the distance in degrees north or south of the equator

the imaginary center line of latitude that divides the northern and southern hemispheres.

Distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees

0 degrees longitude - passes through Greenwich, England

the line of longitude that marks where each new day begins, centered on the 180th meridian

the regional position or situation of a place relative to the position of other places

the degree of linkage between locations from one another

the relative ease with which a destination may be reached from some other place

empty, deserted towns left after gold miners had moved on

A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character.

An area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features.

The physical character of a place

the location of a place relative to other places

The relationship with places expressed in different dimensions of human life, how humans perceive a place.

name given to a portion of Earth's surface

The length of a path between two points

nearness in space, time, or relationship

term for the reduction in time it takes for something to diffuse to a distance place

movement of people, goods, info, etc between different places

the increase in time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance

contact diminishing with increasing distance and eventually disappear.

the reason why two things are placed where they are

The frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area

The arrangement of something across Earth's surface.

The geographic theme that explores how people use, adapt to, and modify the environment

the geographic study of human-environment relationships

the idea that human behavior is controlled by the physical environment

the idea that some environments offer specific constraints/ opportunities

The process of describing and interpreting the landscape ecology of an area.

a study of a phenomenon in a natural setting

refer to the digital representation of space

Taking images of the earth from elevated positions as a means of gathering geographic data

man-made or constructed parts of a landscape or area

the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape

recurring characteristics or events

the repeated sequences of events

the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole

See image

the way the map communicates the ratio of its size to the size of what it represents

amount of territory that a map represents IE global scale is whole earth, local scale is small region

A scale relative to something else, like a ratio.

scale of map doesn't HAVE to change, but the level of detail in the data would

show locations of places and geographic features

See image

A map showing units such as countries, states, provinces, districts, etc.

A map that shows mountains, hills, plains, rivers, lakes, oceans, etc.

Shows mainly roads, but also major highways, airports, and local points of interest

detailed map illustrating the geographic boundaries of individual lots

section of a map that shows a larger area than the main map

A map that shows a particular theme

See image

A map that uses differences in shading or coloring to indicate statistical ranges.

each dot represents an identical unit and conveys data by amount present

Contain symbols varying in size to show relative quantitative values

map line that connects points of equal or very similar values

A map that shows the surface features of an area.

a type of map used to present statistical info - stretch

a way of representing the spherical Earth on a flat surface

accurately shows shape and direction, but distorts distance and size of land masses; used for navigation across and ocean

equal area projection that distorts the shape of land masses (looks stretched out)

map made by projecting points and lines from a globe onto a cone.

The lines of latitude and longitude almost intersect at right angles except near edges.

See image

A model that represents earths features.

stylized map, illustrate theories about spacial distributions

illustrate theories using words, graphs, and tables; often depict change over time

The process of dividing an area into smaller segments called regions.

a group of places that have similar attributes, for example, a political region

Consists of a central place and the surrounding places affected by it

a region defined by popular feelings and images rather than by objective data.

A map which represents the perceptions and knowledge a person has of an area

A smaller division of a geographic region.

on-location research

Information obtained by counting or measuring

Information describing color, odor, shape, or some other physical characteristic

the attitudes and behavior that are characteristic of a particular social group or organization

A single element of normal practice in a culture, such as the wearing of a turban.

A related set of cultural traits, such as prevailing dress codes and cooking and eating utensils.

small, incorporates a homogeneous population, is typically rural, and is cohesive in culture traits

a center where cultures developed and from which ideas and traditions spread outward

an area that is set apart from other places by the way of life of the people who live there

an area of bounded space that possesses some homogenous characteristic or uniformity

an area organized around a node or focal point

reflect feelings and images rather than objective data

the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape

locations with a high concentration of one specific ethnicity

See image

a set of cultural regions showing related cultural complexes and landscapes

the process in which countries are increasingly linked to each other through culture and trade

the reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place due to technology

mainstream, widespread patterns among a society's population

the process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time

the spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another

The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process.

the rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population

spread of an idea from nodes of authority or power to persons or places with less power

diffusion up a hierarchy, such as from a small town to large cities

The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected.

The adoption of cultural traits, such as language, by one group under the influence of another.

The process by which people are gradually absorbed and integrated into another culture.

the preservation of different cultures or cultural identities within a unified society

a person who favors those born in his country and is opposed to immigrants

a feeling for the features that contribute to the distinctiveness of a particular spot on Earth

Culturally forbidden behaviors.

a person who studies languages

languages that developed from Latin, such as Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian

The most commonly used language family, it is spoken by half the world's people; dominates in Europe; English belongs

a representation of the relationships of languages to each other

A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.

A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate

a familiar proverb or wise saying

a language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce

an informal, often short-lived kind of language used in place of standard words; ESKETIT

a language that develops from a pidgin language and is taught as a first language

When parts of two or more languages are combined in a simplified structure and vocabulary

Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa.

language adopted for use by the government for conduct of business and publication of documents

a group of people who are the same with religious and nation background

affiliation or identity within a group of people bound by common ancestry and culture

membership of a particular nation either by birth or naturalization

literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion

governments controlled through divine guidance or religious leadership.

Islamic law, dealing with all matters of both secular and religious life.

folk cultural revival to face uncertainty of modern world

belief in one god

a social structure in which classes are determined by heredity

The belief that actions in this life, whether good or bad, will decide your place in the next life.

a religion that is particular to one culturally distinct group of people

religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those who live in a particular location

A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes.

the scattering of people who have a common background or beliefs from their homeland/cultural hearth

The first group of settlers to establish a new and lasting culture and society in an area

the dispersed and rural counterparts of urban ethnic neighborhoods

successive habitation of same area over time; builds layer after layer in the region

belief in many gods

the belief that inanimate objects, such as trees, rocks, and rivers, posses souls

the arrangement or spread of people living in a given area

Number of individuals per unit area

Between 30 N and 60 N and 30 S and 60 S

the division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy

The total number of people divided by the total land area

The number of people per unit area of arable land

Suitable for growing crops

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

Number of farmers per unit of arable land

The drawing of new electoral district boundary lines in response to population changes.

too many people in an area relative to the resources and level of technology available

another name for a population pyramid

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

A group of individuals of the same age.

slow down of birth caused by war and separation of the sexes during conflict

a temporary marked increase in the birth rate, especially the one following World War II.

after a baby boom; any period marked by a greatly decreased birth rate.

the children of a baby boom, another bulge in the pyramid 25-40 years after the baby boom

the ratio of the number of people under 15 and over 64 years to those 15-64 years of age

society's expected labor force, age 15-64

those who rely on the working population for support e.g. the young and elderly

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society

The average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years.

gov't policies to reduce Total Fertility Rate; China and India-- one child policy (young and rapidly increasing population)

Policies that either encourage births; paid time off after birth, day care stipends, tax incentives

A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live

The number of deaths of infants under age 1 per 1,000 live births per year

a model of how the size of a population changes as a country develops its economy

large births, die off fast, under developed/developed country

distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

births and deaths are about the same, Japan and Russia

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

the birth rate minus the death rate expressed as a percentage

People who settle in a country they weren't born in.

a person who leaves a country or region to live elsewhere

births - deaths + immigration - emigration

the idea that population is growing faster than the food supply needed to sustain it

continued population growth will lead to depletion of non-renewable resources - adopted to more modern conditions

the movement of people from place to place

movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity; not forced.

a factor that causes people to leave their homelands and migrate to another region

something that encourages people to move to a new place

Shelter and protection in one state for refugees from another state

Any forces or factors that may limit human migration.

move short distances, to cities, take multiple steps to migrate, from rural to urban areas, counter movement later on

The effects of distance on interaction, the greater the distance the less interaction

combines distance decay, greater pull of larger communities, and people are most likely to move from small communities to larger

migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages

The return of migrants to the regions from which they earlier emigrated

The voluntary movements of immigrants back to their place of origin

Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate.

a refugee within his or her own country

People who flee to another country to escape mistreatment or disaster

migration that is caused by the feedback from people who have already immigrated

Neighborhoods in which ethnically similar people settle

intense or irrational dislike or fear of people from other countries

the loss of highly educated and skilled workers to other countries

When a foreigner sends money back to his or her home country.

A rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings are close to each other and fields surround the settlement.

a type of settlement from where people live relatively distant from each other

A term used in describing the boundary lines of land, setting forth all the boundary lines together with their terminal points and angles.

a square land organization 6 miles on each side

farms were long thin sections of land that ran next to a river

A model that explains the location of agricultural activities in a commercial, profit-making economy.

The same in all directions

The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.

The small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers.

As the distance from the city center increases, cost of land goes down; as the distance from the city decreases, cost of land goes up.

the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer

A ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area.

An organism whose genetic material has been altered through some genetic engineering technology or technique.

a type of food that is produced without pesticides, bioengineering, or high-energy radiation

the cultivation of seafood

New techniques of fish farming that may contribute as much to human nutrition as miracle cereal grains

the cultivation of a single crop in a given area.

The number of different species in an area

grazing so heavily that the vegetation is damaged and the ground erodes

trade in which fair prices are paid to producers in developing countries.

A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals.

saving in costs gained by an increased level of production.

A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals.

A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area.

A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.

the growing of vegetables or flowers for market

Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities.

The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied.

wheat planted in the autumn and harvested in the early summer

Wheat planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer.

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.

the production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer's family

specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry-summer Mediterranean climate prevails

food made from milk

Small amounts of labor used for a large amount of land

farming that requires much labor

Harvesting twice a year from the same field.

Growing two or more different crops at the same time on a plot.

huge warehouses/pens designed to deliver energy rich foods to animals living at extremely high densities

agriculture conducted on commercial principles, especially using advanced technology.

the group of firms that make and deliver a given set of goods and services

the hands an item passes through between producer and consumer

farming strategy in which large fields are planted with a single crop, year after year

In American commercial grain agriculture, a farm on which no one lives; planting and harvesting is done by hired migratory crews.

transportation networks that keep food cool throughout a trip

Non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco

Economic dominance of a weaker country by a more powerful one, while maintaining the legal independence of the weaker state. In the late nineteenth century, this new form of economic imperialism characterized the relations between the Latin American republics.

an effort to promote higher incomes for producers and for more sustainable farming practices

A government payment that supports a business or market

the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g., buildings, roads, and power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.

modifying earth's surface to grow crops or raise animals

Growing of crops for sale

the production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer's family

the growing of crops that people planted, raised, and harvested

raising and caring for animals by humans for protection or food

Origin of farming, about 12,000 years ago.

a farming system that is in the form of steps going up a mountain

A way of supplying water to an area of land

The largest population that an area can support

a farming technique in which trees are cut down and burned to clear and fertilize the land

A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning.

The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves.

the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture.

Increased food supplies, used fertilizers, soils, and selective breeding of plants. Occured in 1700s.

law in the UK that closed off land and allowed for larger farms

strong wire with barbs at regular intervals used to prevent passage

Agricultural revolution involved with the development of genetically modified organisms

a large increase in crop production in developing countries achieved by the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yield crop varieties.

genetically modified organisms