The science of making maps

The name given to a portion of Earth's surface.

A pattern formed on a map or globe, by lines of latitude (parallels) and lines of latitude (meridians)

Distance north or south of the equator

Distance east or west of the prime meridian

An imaginary line drawn around the earth equally distant from both poles, dividing the earth into northern and southern hemispheres and constituting the parallel of latitude 0°.

The meridian, designated at 0° longitude, which passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England.

The line of longitude that marks where each new day begins, centered on the 180th meridian

A map type that shows reference information for a particular place, making it useful for finding landmarks and for navigation.

Political map, Physical map, Road Map

A map showing units such as countries, states, provinces, districts, etc. Each is normally a different color

A map that shows mountains, hills, plains, rivers, lakes, oceans, etc.

Before Google Maps, a map for drivers that showed the highways of an area. Boomers like them.

A map that displays not only locations but maps a topic or theme of information with the location

Isoline, Choropleth, Dot Distribution, cartogram, graduated symbol

A thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent spatial data as average values per unit area.

A thematic map with lines that connect points of equal value.

A map where dots are used to demonstrate the frequency or intensity of a particular phenomena

A map in which the shape or size is distorted in order to demonstrate a variable such as travel, population or economic production

A map with symbols that change in size according to the value of the attribute they represent.

a method of taking a 3D object and putting in on a 2D plane

a map projection of the earth onto a cylinder. Distorts the land area at the poles

equal area projection that distorts the shape of land masses (looks stretched out)

A projection that maintains overall shapes and relative positions without extreme distortion. Most classrooms use this projection.

the relationship between the distance on the ground and the corresponding distance on a specific map

describing where something is using the exact site on an objective coordinate system

describing the position of a place as compared to (or relative to!) another landmark

describing how far a distance is quantitative units of distance (miles, kilometers, etc.)

describing the distance between locations using qualitative terms or non-traditional measurements of distance (one hour north of)

A specific point on Earth distinguished by particular characteristics.

the three different aspects of a place

The physical character of a place, including its geographic characteristics. For example the site of Istanbul includes the fact that it is on a land bridge connecting Asia and Europe, and also a water bridge (strait) connecting the Black Sea and the Mediterranean

the location of a place relative to the places that are around it- example: the situation of New Jersey is that it is part of a highly populated and connected area on the East Coast of the US

software that captures, manages, analyzes, and displays data that is collected geographically

a system that measures distance from a series of satellites to determine location on the planet

the science of making measurements of the earth using sensors on airplanes or satellites

relating to data that is specific to one location

objective data that is fact based, usually measurable and usually expressed in numbers

an official count of individuals in a population (in the USA, it happens every 10 years)

subjective information that is opinion based, is usually descriptive, and often expressed as text

detailed observations that provide insight into a group of people in a specific area

density, concentration, and pattern

the number of things divided by the measurement of area

how closely packed together objects are

any regular geometric arrangement that a geographer can identify to how a characteristic is distributed

the title of our textbook and more importantly, the visible changes that humans make to the environment including buildings, crops, and signs

the social heritage of a group or their way of life - major components are language, religion, ethnicity, food, and roles

a source of culture (where a culture began). For example, the US is the hearth of fast food

a feature or idea that is spread from its originating place, outward

when a cultural trend is transmitted from person to person from an original source to numerous others, similar to a virus or viral video

when a feature or idea spreads, but is changed by those adopting the idea

the physical spread of a feature or trait by people migrating

the spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places

a trend is spread from its originating place, outward

the idea that the interaction between two places declines as the distance between them increases

a place larger than a point and smaller than a planet that is grouped together because of a measurable or perceived common feature

a region that is based entirely on something that can be identified and documented or measured - all government areas are this because they share a government

a region based around a node or focal point - terrestrial radio broadcasts are an example of this

an area that shares a common qualitative characteristic, it's only a region because people believe it's a region

worldwide integration and development which results in the expansion of international cultural, economic, and political activities

the basic facilities and installations that help a government or community run, including roads, schools, phone lines, sewage treatment plants and power generation

how zoomed in or out you are when looking at geographic data

it's not as complicated as it sounds - a fancy word for describing how things are organized in space

arrangement of a phenomenon across the Earth's surface

the flow of goods, people, or information among places, in response to localized supply and demand

the goal of the human race reaching equilibrium with the environment; meeting the needs of the present without while also leaving resources for future generations

the idea that the world feels smaller than it used to because of increased technology in transportation and communication

unequal distribution of people, resources, and wealth within a region

the belief that a physical environment is THE reason that some societies are strong while others are weaker

the belief that a physical environment plays a role in the development of a society, but is NOT the ONLY factor at work

a geographic and cultural region located to the south of the world's largest desert

the historical name for Southwest Asia, including Iran, Iraq, the Eastern Mediterranean (Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel) and the Arabian Peninsula

previously known as "the Middle East", it includes Iran, Iraq, the Eastern Mediterranean (Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel) and the Arabian Peninsula

a geographic and cultural region that includes South America, Central America, and Mexico, as well as the Spanish-speaking Caribbean. Generally Spanish or Portuguese speaking and predominantly Catholic

the region south of China and east of India, composed of islands and peninsulas. Some Buddhist countries but also influenced by Islam

the region south of the Himalayas, composed of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Primarily Hindu and Muslim. Nepal and Bhutan are Buddhist

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture

Programs to decrease the number of births

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

Population count

A figure that describes the number of children that die between the first and fifth years of their lives in a given population

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.

The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

A model highlighting the distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

regional outbreak of a disease

The percentage of children who die before their first birthday within a particular area or country.

A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live

Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production.

Number of deaths per thousand of women giving birth.

group who built on Malthus' theory and suggested that people wouldn't just starve for lack of food, but would have wars about food and other scarce resources

The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.

Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.

The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.

Description of locations on Earth's surface where populations live

Number of individuals per unit area

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

Government policies to increase the rate of natural increase

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.

Very high CBR

High CBR

CBR drops sharply

Very low CBR

Very low CBR

Amazonian tribes; indigenous tribes

Chad, Burkina Faso, Uganda, sub-Saharan Africa

Brazil, Mexico, India, newly industrialized countries

USA, United Kingdom, France, more developed countries

Japan, Italy, Germany

paid maternity/paternity leave, affordable daycare, tax incentives, vacations, child bonuses

sex education, access to contraceptives, family planning clinics, forced sterilization

Pestilence, famine, and human conflict cause high CDR (Ex. Black Plague)

Receding pandemics with improved sanitation and nutrition, rapidly declining CDR

Decrease in deaths from infectious diseases, increase in chronic disorders associated with aging

medicine delays degenerative diseases; life expectancy reaches a peak

a proposed stage of reemergence of infectious and parasitic diseases and some become resistant to antibiotics; CDR increases

poverty

job opportunities

Factors that induce people to leave old residences.

Factors that induce people to move to a new location.

Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee

Large-scale emigration by talented people.

migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries.

Migration from a location

A place with a high concentration of an ethnic group that is distinct from those in the surrounding area

Permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors.

Workers who migrate to the more developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern of Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of higher-paying jobs.

Migration to a new location

Permanent movement within a particular country.

Permanent movement from one region of a country to another.

Permanent movement within one region of a country.

Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border

Permanent movement from one country to another.

the difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants

In reference to migration, laws that place maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year.

A set of 11 "laws" that can be organized into three groups: the reasons why migrants move, the distance they typically move, and their characteristics.

A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster

Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries

Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.

People who enter a country without proper documents to do so

Permanent movement undertaken by choice.

Doctors from Cuba leave to come to USA for better job opportunities and to make more money

Syrian refugee travels to Turkey, then Greece, then Serbia, and finally Germany

-Atlantic slave trade forced millions of Africans to North and South America

European migration to the U.S. in 19th and early 20th centuries

Many came from Ireland and Germany (Northern/Western Europe)

Many came from Italy, Greece, Poland, Russia (Eastern/Southern Europe)

Many came from Mexico, India, China (Latin America/Asia)

Religious Persecution/Discrimination

Overpopulation

Lack of employment

Natural Disaster

Oppressive regimes

Religious freedom

Job opportunities

Area with good weather and climate

Less oppressive regimes

An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration.

The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away.

The art, housing, clothing, sports, dances, foods, and other similar items constructed or created by a group of people

Practices, ideas, and beliefs that reflect a particular culture. Things you can't touch.

the modification/blending of the social patterns, traits, or structures of one group or society by contact with those of another; the resultant blend

The complete blending of an ethnic group into the host society, resulting in the loss of all distinctive ethnic traits

A blending of beliefs and practices from different religions into one faith

Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.

Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.

The visible imprint of human activity on the landscape; the "man-made" part of the environment

Not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own terms

Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.

Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.

The frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act.

A behavior that is repeated so often that it becomes almost automatic

A place with a high concentration of an ethnic group that is distinct from those in the surrounding area

A perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equal standing for all cultural traditions

Discrimination towards immigrants or the belief that immigration to the U.S. should be limited.

the loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next

A trait diffuses from a lower class to a higher class (ex: tattoos or Walmart)

the spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places

The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another.

The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected.

The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population.

State of mind derived through the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion by remembering important events that occurred in that place or by labeling a place with a certain character.

A restriction on behavior imposed by social custom.

The ability to speak two languages

a force that divides people and countries

An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state

A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.

a language that is no longer taught to children by their parents and is not used for everyday conversation

A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used.

A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate.

A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family (ex: Basque)

A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. Differences are not as extensive or as old as with language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that the branches derived from the same family.

A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.

A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages

The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.

A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages. (Ex: Spanglish, Franglais, Denglish)

A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated. (Ex: Haitian Creole, Gullah)

Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Focus on one ethnic group and generally have not spread into other cultures

Judaism, Hinduism, Shintoism

A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location.

Christianity, Islam, Buddhism

Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan

A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior.

The teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth

A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims.

A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms

A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. They preserved their early history in the Old Testament.

Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).

A government controlled by religious leaders

a type of language that consists of words and phrases that are regarded as very informal, are more common in speech than writing, and are typically restricted to a particular context or group of people. (Ex: lit, sus)

societies in which two or more languages are in common use

A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes.

Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.

An organization of African nations pursuing greater political and economic integration across the continent

The adding of a region to the territory of an existing political unit.

A boundary that was created before the present day cultural landscaped developed

Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas

A political and economic multinational organization around Polynesia

A multilateral organization composed of representatives

A system of government in which the power to rule is in the hands of a single individual

An area of a country that has a degree of autonomy, or has freedom from an external authority

Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities

A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa

A force that divides people and countries

An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state

A strategic, narrow waterway between two larger bodies of water

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.

A boundary that coincides with a particular cultural divide (such as religion, language, or ethnicity); a.k.a. cultural boundaries

The collapse of colonial empires. Between 1947 and 1962, practically all former colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence.

A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

The transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states/local level

The 200 nautical miles from a nation's shoreline of protected resources and economic activity

The body of electors who formally elect the United States president and vice-president

A distinct region or community enclosed within a larger territory

Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region

Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions.

Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.

A free trade zone encompassing 27 European countries

A part of a country that is separated from the rest of the country and surrounded by foreign territory.

An internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local government.

Deliberate extermination of a racial or cultural group

Political boundary defined and delimited (and occasionally demarcated) as a straight line or an arc

Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

A policy of cultural extension and potential political expansion by a country aimed at a group of its nationals living in a neighboring country

A state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea.

State that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities.

Nation that stretches across borders and across states

Allows open trade between the US, Mexico, and Canada.

A group of people with a common culture living in a territory and having a strong sense of unity

A sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent.

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Identity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place as a result of being born there.

Military alliance created in 1949 made up of 12 non-Communist countries including the United States that support each other if attacked.

An organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum.

A boundary line based on recognizable physiographic features, such as mountains or rivers

A group of human beings distinguished by physical traits, blood types, genetic code patterns or genetically inherited characteristics.

Belief that one race is superior to another

The process of reassigning representation based on population after every census

The redrawing of congressional and other legislative district lines following the census, to accommodate population shifts and keep districts as equal as possible in population.

A former boundary line that is still discernible and marked by some cultural landscape features

Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves

An area which can govern itself in certain areas, but does not have complete power to govern

A region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals (e.g., Israel or Kashmir today; Eastern Europe during the Cold War,...).

Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.

A nationality that is not represented by a state (Ex: Kurds)

Boundary line established after an area has been settled that considers the social and cultural characteristics of the area

A boundary made through colonization without regard to prior ethnic/cultural patterns (e.g. borders of most African countries)

Creating ownership over a defined space

Acts of violence designed to promote a specific ideology or agenda by creating panic among an enemy population

A code of maritime law approved by the United Nations in 1982 that authorizes, among other provisions, territorial waters extending 12 nautical miles (22km) from shore and 200 nautical-mile-wide (370-km-wide) exclusive economic zones.

An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials

An organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security

The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain.

Farming in which only enough food to feed one's family is produced

Growing large quantities of crops or livestock in order to sell them for a profit

Agriculture that uses fewer inputs of capital and paid labor relative to the amount of space being used

Agriculture that involves greater inputs of capital and paid labor relative to the space being used

A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.

A traditional subsistence agricultural system in which practitioners depend on the seasonal movements of livestock within marginal natural environments.

An extensive commercial agricultural activity that involves the raising of livestock over vast geographic spaces typically located in semi-arid climates like the American West.

The production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers.

Production system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation and organized to produce a cash crop. Mostly found in the tropics.

Commercial farming characterized by integration of crops and livestock; most of the crops are fed to animals rather than consumed directly by humans.

Creating flat platforms in the hillside that provide a level planting surface, which reduces soil runoff from the slope.

In arid regions, water evaporates leaving salts behind

A rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlement.

A rural land use pattern that creates a long, narrow settlement around a river, coast, or road that looks like a line

A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms

This allowed a settler to acquire 160 acres by living on it for five years, improving it and paying about $30

A method of land description which involves identifying distances and directions and makes use of both the physical boundaries and measurements of the land.

A system of farming where lots up to a half mile or more extend back from a river, which farmers use as their primary means of hauling their agricultural products to the market.

A rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior.

The switch from nomadic lifestyles to a settled agricultural lifestyle is this revolution

Southwest Asia, East Asia, Central and South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Tools and equipment were modified, methods of soil preparation, fertilization, crop care, and harvesting improved the general organization of agriculture made more efficient

Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.

Crops that carry new traits that have been inserted through advanced genetic engineering methods

Increased food production, millions saved from famine, relative reduction in global hunger

High costs prevent poor farmers from benefiting, need for technologies and seeds make farmers dependent on corporations, environmental damage

A form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products, to make or modify plants and animals, or to develop other microorganisms for specific purposes.

The cultivation of only one type of plant over a large area

Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.

Geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases.

The process used by corporation to gather resources and transform them into goods and then transport them to consumers.

Model developed to explain the forces that control the prices of agricultural commodities and how those variable prices affect patterns of agricultural land utilization

Ring #1 = Dairy, Ring #2 = Forest, Ring #3 = Grain, Ring #4 = Livestock

Items such as tea, coffee, and cacao that are raised on large plantations.

an alternative method of international trade which promotes environmentalism, fair wages, alleviation of global poverty and a fair price for growers

Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.

A chemical intended to kill insects and other organisms that damage crops.

A substance for killing plants, especially weeds

The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves.

The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions

The use of natural substances rather than chemical fertilizers and pesticides to enrich the soil and grow crops

The state of being without reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food

An area in a developed country where healthy food is difficult to obtain

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.

The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

The physical character of a place

The location of a place relative to other places

Mesopotamia (Fertile Crescent), Indus River Valley, Nile River Valley, Yellow River Valley, and Mesoamerica

In the United States, a central city of at least 50,000 population, the county within which the city is located, and adjacent counties meeting one of several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city.

The rapid innovation of communication and transportation technologies associated with globalization that transforms the way people think about space and time

#1: Sail and Wagon (1790-1830)

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.

The process of population movement from within towns and cities to the rural-urban fringe.

working and middle-class white people move away from racial-minority suburbs or inner-city neighborhoods to white suburbs and exurbs

1. economic expansion--easier to get a home loan

The process of urban areas expanding outwards, usually in the form of suburbs, and developing over fertile agricultural land.

A capital city placed in a remote or peripheral area for economic, strategic, or symbolic reasons.

Theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his three-tier structure, proposing that social change in the developing world is inextricably linked to the economic activities of the developed world.

The downtown or nucleus of a city where retail stores, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated; building densities are usually quite high; and transportation systems converge.

geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases.

Cities with more than 10 million people

A new term used to describe cities that have 20 million or more people

Rapidly growing city that remains essentially suburban in character even as it reaches populations more typical of a large city

Communities that arise farther out than the suburbs and are typically populated by residents of high socioeconomic status

A large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area.

Centers of economic, culture, and political activity that are strongly interconnected and together control the global systems of finance and commerce (examples include: New York City, London, Tokyo)

A region in which several large cities and surrounding areas grow together (Bos-Wash)

A model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service.

A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.

The largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement (Example: London and Mexico City)

A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther.

The minimum number of people needed to support the service

The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service.

A law that limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a community.

Contaminated industrial or commercial sites that may require environmental cleanup before they can be redeveloped or expanded

A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries.

The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g., buildings, roads, and power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.

A ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area.

An urban planning theory that concentrates walkable city areas to prevent urban sprawl

A movement in urban planning to promote mixed use commercial and residential development and pedestrian friendly, community orientated cities. New urbanism is a reaction to the sprawling, automobile centered cities of the mid twentieth century.

An area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published; in urbanized areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods.

The restoration of rundown urban buildings and areas by the middle/upper class (resulting in the displacement of lower-income people)

• reduced crime

• Displacement of lower income residents

An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures.

A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood

The market area surrounding an urban center, which that urban center serves.

Grouping together of many firms from the same industry in a single area for collective or cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources.

An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.

An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs.

Adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks--automation of factories

A process of improvement in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology.

A form of tourism that supports the conservation and sustainable development of ecologically unique areas

Industry not bound by locational constraints and able to choose to locate wherever it wants.

the manufacturing economy and system derived from assembly-line mass production and the mass consumption of standardized goods. Named after Henry Ford.

An indicator constructed by the U.N. to measure the extent of each country's gender inequality in terms of reproductive health, empowerment, and the labor market.

A measurement of the total goods and services produced within a country.

The total value of goods and services, including income received from abroad, produced by the residents of a country within a specific time period, usually one year.

The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country

Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed

Model developed by Alfred Weber according to which the location of manufacturing establishments is determined by the minimization of three critical expenses: labor, transportation, and agglomeration.

Factories built by US companies in Mexico near the US border to take advantage of much lower labor costs in Mexico.

Small-business loans often used to buy equipment or operate a business

the additional shifts in aggregate demand that result when expansionary fiscal policy increases income and thereby increases consumer spending

Refers to countries that are building up their industries and infrastructure. These countries are generally shifting from an agricultural to an industrial economy.

An organization that helps undeveloped countries with financing business operations...specifically helping women

A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers.

The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth's surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry.

The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials.

The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment.

Service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. Examples include finance, administration, insurance, and legal services.

Service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill. Examples include scientific research and high-level management.

The amount of money needed in one country to purchase the same goods and services in another country

Stage 1: Traditional

A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located.

zones established by many countries in the periphery and semi-periphery where they offer favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements to attract foreign trade and investment

Theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his three-tier structure, proposing that social change in the developing world is inextricably linked to the economic activities of the developed world.

North American Free Trade Agreement; allows open trade with US, Mexico, and Canada.

An economic association established in 1957 by a number of Western European countries to promote free trade among its members

An organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum.

The actual or potential relationship between two places, usually referring to economic interactions.

The ability of a country to produce a good at a lower cost than another country can.

A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another (EX: LA, Charleston)

A mathematical formula that measures the amount of economic inequality in a society

Process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment

Centers or nodes of high-technology research and activity around which a high-technology corridor is sometimes established