biological flip-flop of Old and New Worlds; corn, potatoes, tobacco from the New World to the Old; cows, pigs, horses, sugar cane, apples, and devastating diseases from the Old World to the New

Italian explorer who tried to reach the East Indies by sailing west; misjudged the distance and struck land after 30+ days at sea; called the natives “Indians” because he assumed he was in the East Indies

16th-century Spanish historian, social reformer and Dominican friar; his extensive writings, the most famous being A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies and Historia de Las Indias, chronicle the first decades of colonization of the West Indies and focus particularly on the atrocities committed by the colonizers against the indigenous peoples

under this arrangement Native Americans were given to Spanish landlords to work and be converted to Christianity; really just slavery on a sugar plantation disguised as missionary work

1585 enterprise financed and organized by Sir Walter Raleigh; final group of colonists disappeared after three years had elapsed without supplies from England during the Anglo-Spanish War; known as “The Lost Colony”

the privatization of common grazing land, especially in Britain; this meant there was less land (or no land) available for the poor and the tradition of primogeniture left younger sons landless; this combined with Britain’s mushrooming population in the mid 1500s and the downturn of England’s woolen districts meant that many wanted to leave and go to America

business comprised of shareholders who contribute money to the company and receive share of the company’s profits and debts; used to fund England’s early colonial ventures

Puritans who made their conversion narrative public and thereby gained full membership in the Church

Separatist group who fled to America and settled in Plymouth in 1620

1629 colony King Charles gave to the Puritans to settle and govern; established political freedom and a representative government

1676 event in which VA Governor Berkley appeased Native Americans after they attacked western settlements; angry western settlers formed army, defeated Native Americans, then marched on to burn Jamestown; rebellion ended when their leader died

1739 slave revolt in SC; more than 50 slaves killed 25 whites while attempting to march to Spanish Florida; intercepted by a SC militia; largest slave uprising in the British mainland colonies prior to the American Revolution

after the large Protestant population in a colony threatened to restrict Catholics, Lord Baltimore ordered the creation of this law to guarantee religious freedom to all Christians (particularly ensuring a safe haven for Catholics)

applied to those members of the Puritan colonies who were the children of church members but who hadn’t achieved grace (had a religious conversion) themselves; this rule allowed them to baptize their children

British legal doctrines governing the inheritance of property that required that a man’s real property pass in its entirety to his oldest son

Charles II’s brother; was granted the Dutch area of New Netherland, renamed New York; the Dutch can be heard in place names such as Harlem (Haarlem), Brooklyn (Breuckelen), and Hell Gate (Hellegat)

colony created from a large tract of land awarded by the king to a well-born Englishman attracted to the Quaker faith

colony founded in 1733 by James Oglethorpe; established as a buffer zone between Spanish Florida and the British colonies; also became a dumping ground for English criminals; any Christian, except for Catholics, were permitted

combination of the colonies of MA, RI, NH, and CT created in 1686 as a single province headed by a royal governor; ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out the governor

created in 1619 as the first assembly of elected representatives in colonial America

democratic form of government common in the colonies and most prevalent form of local government in New England; in general, the local voting population would meet once a year to elect officers, levy taxes, and pass laws

e.g., the Fitzhughs, Lees, and Washingtons; privileged “planter aristocracy” families of VA at the top of the social hierarchy of the colonial South; owned huge tracts of land and dominated politics in the House of Burgesses

Native American form of agriculture; corn grew in a stalk providing a trellis for beans, beans grew up the stalk, squash’s broad leaves kept the sun off the ground and thus kept the moisture in the soil

emphasized that hard work, frugality and prosperity were evidence of a person's salvation; refuted the Catholic idea that good works were required to be saved, instead teaching that good works were only a consequence of an already-received salvation

English colony founded by Pilgrims fleeing religious persecution and searching for a place to worship as they saw fit; aided by Squanto; established a treaty with Chief Massasoit; played a central role in King Philip's War; later merged with a larger New England colony

English settler from Jamestown who married Pocahontas; discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, making Virginia an economically successful colony

established in 1665 by a land grant from Charles II; southern region grew rich off sugar islands ties, while the poorer northern region was composed mainly of farmers; conflicts between the two regions eventually split the colony

first permanent English settlement in North America; founded by the Virginia Company in 1607

formed to provide defense for the New England colonies in 1643; also acted as a forum for inter-colonial disputes

formerly a Dutch colony; given to the Duke of York by his brother, King Charles II

general name for those who believed the Church of England could not be reformed; broke away and started their own congregations; most famous congregation of this group founded Plymouth Colony

Governor of the Dominion of New England in 1686; following the Glorious Revolution, colonists rebelled and forced him to return to England (after finding him attempting to flee in women’s clothing!)

idea that God decides when a person is born whether or not they will be saved; doctrine of Calvinism

individual who founded the colony of Maryland, offering religious freedom to all Christian colonists; he did so because he knew that members of his own religion (Catholicism) would be a minority in the colony

leader of the Jamestown settlement; taken hostage by Native American hunters in December, 1607 and carried back to their chief, Powhatan, who was impressed by the man’s self-confidence and his pocket compass; was convinced that Powhatan's 11-year-old daughter, Pocahontas had saved his life; returned to Jamestown and was elected president of the local council; instituted a policy of discipline and strengthened defenses: “He who does not work, will not eat”

method of populating the colonies in which parcels of land of about 50 acres were given to colonists who paid the way for others to travel to America

moralistic texts and sermons that denounce a society for its wickedness and prophesy its downfall; a favorite literary device of the Puritans, especially in sermons like “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” by Jonathan Edwards

most powerful and efficient North American Native American organization; northern New York tribes of the Mohawk, Oneida, Seneca, Onondaga, and Cayuga

name given to the winter of 1609-10 in Jamestown when Captain John Smith took control and instituted a strong measure of much-needed discipline, highlighted by his “no work, no food” policy; still, the settlers died in droves, and resorted to eating “dogges, Catts, rats, and Myce.” One fellow wrote of eating “powdered wife”

official name of the non-separatist group who wished to remove all traces of Catholicism from the Church of England; received a right to settle in the MA Bay area in 1628 from the King of England; their colonies were self-governed in strict accordance with religious beliefs

people who could not afford passage to the colonies; they would get another person to pay their passage, and in exchange, they would serve that person for a set length of time (usually seven years) and then would be freed

preached antinomianism and was exiled from the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1638

provided for harsh punishments for slaves but lacked penalties for the mistreatment of slaves by their masters; first formal statute governing the treatment of slaves adopted within the colonies

Pueblo Revolt of 1680 against the Spanish settlers in the province of Santa Fe who were denying religious freedom to the natives; the Pueblo killed 400 Spanish and drove the remaining 2,000 settlers out of the province

series of clashes between English settlers and Native Americans in the Connecticut River Valley from 1636-1638; ended in the slaughter of the Native Americans by the Puritans

set up a democratically controlled government in Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield; first “modern” constitution

several poorly-founded accusations led to sensational trials in MA; 19 people were hanged (and two dogs!); afterward, most of the people involved admitted that it had been a terrible mistake

the idea that the truly saved need not obey the laws of God or man; logical extreme of the notion of predestination

Wampanoag sachem also known as Metacomet or Metacom; led a series of Wampanoag assaults on New England settlements in 1675; resulted in the deaths of hundreds of colonists and many more Native Americans; was captured, beheaded, and drawn and quartered

1733 British legislation designed to regulate trade in the colonies; taxed a certain good only if it was imported to the colonies from countries other than Britain or British colonies; angered New England rum-producers who had been importing a cheaper version of this product from the French West Indies; increased purchases of the cheaper British product

1754-1763; Britain and France fought for control of the Ohio River Valley; part of a greater conflict in Europe called the Seven Years’ War

1765 and 1774 acts requiring colonists to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies

1765 meeting of 27 delegates from 9 colonies; the first gathering of elected representatives from several of the American colonies to devise a unified protest against new British taxation

1774 act that, among other reforms, recognized the Roman-Catholic Church in parts of Canada; some colonials took it as a sign that Britain was planning to impose Catholicism upon the colonies

18th-century German soldiers hired by the British Empire to fight for them in the colonies during the American Revolution; Britain found it easier to borrow money to pay for their service than to recruit its own soldiers

a pivotal battle in the Seven Years' War; British Gen. Wolfe forced a confrontation on the Plains of Abraham with French Gen. Montcalm; the French were routed and both commanders were lost; led to the fall of Montreal the next year and the final British victory in the war

acts passed in 1774 in response to the Boston Tea Party; shut down Boston Harbor, disbanded the Boston Assembly, and required the MA colony to provide provisions for British soldiers

April 1774 “shot heard ‘round the world;” British ordered to arrest Samuel Adams and John Hancock and confiscate colonial munitions; marched out from Boston; colonial militia in one small town attempted to block their progress; British fired upon them and continued on while colonials shot at them from behind cover on the sides of the road; called the first battles of the American Revolution

Ben Franklin donated to this Great Awakening “New Light” minister’s cause after hearing his stirring sermon

British Prime Minister George Grenville’s assertion that every member of Parliament represented all British subjects; made in response to colonists’ cry of “No taxation without representation”

British trade regulations designed to reduce competition; provided that British colonies could only import goods shipped on British-owned vessels; taxed goods imported by the colonies from places other than Britain; increased British-colonial trade and tax revenues

contributed to the rising tension between the British and colonists; these tribunals could try a case anywhere in the British Empire, requiring colonists to travel long distances to have their cases heard; judges were paid based in part on the fines they collected; naval officers were paid for bringing successful cases to court; there was no trial by jury, evidence standards were weaker than in criminal courts, and cases were decided by judges rather than juries

December 16, 1773 event in which colonials disguised as Native Americans boarded ships and threw tea overboard; done in protest to the Townshend and Tea Acts

descendants of Acadians, who were New France settlers in what is now Eastern Canada’s Maritime provinces and parts of Quebec and present-day Maine; during the Great Expulsion of 1755–1763 following the British victory in the French & Indian War, British and New England legislators and militia deported approximately 11,500 of them; many later settled in the French regions of Louisiana; their culture group is now called this slightly different name

emissary sent to ask the French in the Ohio Territory to leave; they refused; he was sent back to protect British who were building a fort at present-day Pittsburgh; French drove he and his men out and they (French) built Fort Duquesne; he and his men built Fort Necessity; French attacked and burned the fort but released he and his men

After the French and Indian War, British political leaders were determined to end slavery in the North American colonies.

ended the Seven Years War (and the French and Indian War) between Britain, France, and Spain; France lost Canada, land east of the Mississippi, and some Caribbean islands to Britain; France also gave New Orleans and the land west of the Mississippi to Spain; Spain ceded Florida to Britain

financially troubled London trading business with a massive tea surplus; Parliament’s Tea Act granted this business the sole right to directly ship its tea to the colonies; the objective was to undercut the price of smuggled tea and convince the colonists to pay the Townshend duties, implicitly agreeing to accept Parliament's right of taxation

German-born U.S. printer and journalist; published the New York Weekly Journal; arrested for libel in 1734 for his attacks on the policies of the colonial governor; acquitted on the grounds that his charges were based on fact; first important victory for freedom of the press in the American colonies

had 7.5 million people, a powerful navy, wealth in hard money with which they hired Hessians; had about 50,000 regular soldiers who were well-trained and well-equipped; had an estimated 50,000 Loyalists on their side as well

had great leaders such as George Washington as general and Ben Franklin as diplomat; French support in the form of money, guns, supplies, troops, and navy; only had to fight a defensive war (they just had to hold the land); their typical soldier was more accustomed to the country and straight-shooting; felt they were fighting for a cause

legislation passed by Parliament that forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains in an attempt to save expenditures on any military force needed to protect settlers in this region from Indian attacks

legislation passed in 1765 which required all legal or official documents used in the colonies to be written on special stamped British paper; very unpopular in the colonies, causing riots; feeling the effects of the non-importation movement, London merchants convinced Parliament to repeal it in 1766

literally “runners of the woods;” an independent entrepreneurial French-Canadian woodsman who traveled in New France and the interior of North America, usually to trade various European items for furs, especially beaver pelts, learning the trades and practices of the Native peoples they encountered

MA attorney and politician; defended British officers in Boston Massacre trial; strong believer in colonial independence; when he was a delegate to the Second Continental Congress, he urged them to declare independence

MA politician; radical fighter for colonial independence; helped organize the Sons of Liberty and the Non-Importation Commission; believed to have led the Boston Tea Party

March 4, 1770; a group of colonials started throwing rocks and snowballs at some British soldiers; the soldiers panicked and fired their muskets, killing a few colonials; outraged the colonies and increased anti-British sentiment

minister; gave riveting sermons about sin and the torments of Hell, e.g., “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”

nicknamed “The Great Commoner,” this British politician brought the British/colonial army under tight and efficient control during the French and Indian War

one of the main French outposts in the Ohio Valley; British destroyed and rebuilt it in 1758, renaming it Fort Pitt

path of commerce that operated from the late 16th to early 19th centuries, carrying slaves, cash crops, and manufactured goods between West Africa, Caribbean or American colonies, and the European colonial powers

started as groups of private citizens in MA, RI, and NY who began circulating information in 1763 about opposition to British trade measures; created to exchange information and organize protests to British trade regulations

proposal for a unified colonial government written by Benjamin Franklin during the French and Indian War; supported and advertised by the “Join or Die” political cartoon

radical colonial political organization; formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act; incited riots and burned the customs houses where stamped British paper was kept; leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere

set out from Boston to warn local militias and Hancock and Adams of the approach of the British troops; detained by British shortly after setting out; never fully completed his portion of the planned ride

sudden outbreak of religious fervor that swept through the colonies starting in the 1730s; Puritanism had declined and people were upset about the decline in religious piety; one of the first events to unify the colonies

yearly publication by Benjamin Franklin; a mixture of seasonal weather forecasts, practical household hints, puzzles, and other amusements; a best seller in the American colonies - print runs reached 10,000 per year

Thomas Jefferson

What was the outcome concerning the passage pertaining to slavery in the Declaration of Independence?

Which of the following is a quote from the Declaration of Independence?

The Gaspee incident involved

The Declaration of Independence was drafted primarily by

American diplomats at the 1783 peace negotiations in Paris were instructed to

During the period of salutary neglect

One purpose of the Declaration of Independence was to

Washington’s army spent the winter of 1777–1778 at

The Patriot victory over the British at Yorktown was made possible by

The victory at Saratoga was important for the Americans because it

At the Battle of Bunker Hill

The element that Common Sense brought into the debate with Britain was that