A philosophical movement that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, focusing on the study of classical texts and the capacity for reason.

A system of governance where religious leaders control the government, and the state is seen as a divine institution.

A term used to describe the Italian artist known for masterpieces such as the 'Mona Lisa' and 'The Last Supper'.

A printed device that revolutionized the spread of information in the 15th century, allowing for mass production of texts.

A literary genre that envisions an ideal society, often highlighting the flaws of the current social or political system.

A movement in the 16th century that led to a major religious change, resulting in the establishment of various Protestant churches.

The doctrine that God has eternally chosen those whom he intends to save, often associated with Calvinist teachings.

A religious and political movement in the 16th century that resulted from the Reformation, characterized by a focus on scripture and the rejection of papal authority.

A form of artwork that creates the illusion of depth and three-dimensionality on a flat surface, often used in Renaissance painting.

A term referring to the practice of selling forgiveness of sins and the remission of punishment, often criticized during the Reformation.

A movement that sought to reform the Catholic Church from within, often in response to the challenges posed by the Protestant Reformation.

An assembly of church leaders called to address issues of Church reform and to clarify Catholic doctrines in the 16th century.

The artistic technique that creates an accurate depiction of subjects by observing and replicating their real-life appearances in order to convey truth.

A monarch who initiated the English Reformation, ultimately leading to the creation of the Church of England.

A form of government in which a particular group or sect possesses religious authority and often excludes others from participation in politics.

A Renaissance artist renowned for his work in the Sistine Chapel, particularly the ceiling, and for sculptures such as David.

A term used for the style of artwork that creates a representation of subjects with depth, detail, and lifelike qualities, prominent during the Renaissance.

A printed form of literature that enables the widespread dissemination of ideas and knowledge, particularly influential in the Reformation.

The movement that arose in the late 16th century in response to the Protestant Reformation, aimed at reforming and revitalizing the Catholic Church.

The practice of formally declaring a marriage null and void, as if it never occurred, often associated with the authority of the Church.

A term describing the cultural and intellectual revival in Europe from the 14th to the 17th century, characterized by a renewed interest in classical art and learning.

A literary work by Thomas More that presents an ideal society on an imaginary island, exploring themes of political philosophy and social commentary.

The treaty that allowed for the coexistence of Catholicism and Lutheranism in Germany, recognizing the rights of rulers to choose their state's religion.

A religious group that believes in adult baptism and advocates for the separation of church and state, often associated with the Radical Reformation.

A term for the belief system focused on the idea of predestination, mainly associated with the teachings of John Calvin and his followers.

A style of church governance led by a body of elders, especially within certain Protestant denominations.

A form of Renaissance painting characterized by the realistic portrayal of subjects and the use of light and shadow to create depth and dimension.

A significant work of art by Raphael depicting a gathering of great philosophers and thinkers, often celebrated for its perspective and composition.

A significant reform movement within the Catholic Church aimed at addressing issues of corruption and reaffirming core doctrines during the 16th century.

This term refers to the period of great cultural and artistic revival that began in Italy during the late 14th century and spread throughout Europe.

A famous work of art by Leonardo da Vinci that depicts a seated woman with a mysterious smile, often considered the most famous painting in the world.

The king of England who was known for his six marriages and for creating the Church of England, breaking away from the Catholic Church.

An influential early modern invention that allowed for the mass production of books, significantly impacting literacy and the spread of ideas.

A set of Christian teachings and practices based on the writings and beliefs of Martin Luther, emphasizing justification by faith alone.

A movement that aimed to reform the Catholic Church and address issues such as corruption and clerical abuses, often associated with the Council of Trent.

A term that describes the use of the native language spoken by the people, particularly in literature, rather than the classical languages of Latin or Greek.

A famous fresco painted by Michelangelo that illustrates the Biblical creation of man, located on the ceiling of a significant chapel in Vatican City.

A term for the illustrated book of the Bible that became widely known after its printing by Johan Gutenberg, allowing the Bible to be more accessible to the public.

A prominent Renaissance figure known for his ideal of the 'Renaissance Man,' who believed in the importance of studying classical texts and the human experience.

This term refers to a cultural movement that focused on the potential and achievements of humans, often emphasizing classical works and studies.

This term describes a movement in the church aimed at reforming the practices and beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th century.

This term refers to a period of great revival in art, culture, and intellectual pursuits stemming from a renewed interest in classical antiquity, notably occurring in Europe from the 14th to the 17th century.

This term refers to the practice of granting forgiveness for sins in exchange for money or other benefits, which was a controversial issue during the Reformation.