are widely used to determine the amounts of acids and bases

are prepared by diluting concentrated hydrochloric, perchloric, or sulfuric acid.

is seldom used because its oxidizing properties offer the potential

for undesirable side reactions. 

been used for centuries to indicate the acidity or alkalinity of water.

is a weak organic acid or a weak organic base whose undissociated form differs in color from its conjugate base or its conjugate acid form

occurs when the pH at which the indicator changes color differs from the pH at the equivalence point.

originates from the limited ability of the human eye to distinguish reproducibly the intermediate color of the indicator.

This type of error can usually be minimized by choosing the indicator carefully or by making a blank correction.

can be taken as the inflection point of the titration curve.

are used to determine the dissociation constants

the usual solvent for neutralization titrations because it is convenient, inexpensive, and nontoxic.

produce the largest change in pH at the equivalence point.

are widely used as standard solutions for titrating bases.

the final quarter of the distillate has a constant and known composition

is the most frequently used reagent for standardizing acids. Several

other reagents are also used.

Occurs naturally in large deposits as washing soda

available in primary-standard purity from commercial sources

 the most common base for preparing standard solutions, although potassium hydroxide and barium hydroxide are also used.

The effective concentration of the base is thus diminished by absorption of carbon dioxide, and a systematic error is called 

is the process of removing

a gas from a solution by bubbling an

inert gas through the solution.

Solutions of bases should be stored in __ rather than glass because of the reaction between bases and glass.

is a nearly ideal primary standard.

It is a non hygroscopic crystalline solid with a relatively large molar mass

The most common method for determining organic nitrogen is the

is conveniently determined by burning the sample in a stream of oxygen.

both components are titrated with a standard acid to the end point with an acid-range indicator,

provide convenient methods for the direct or indirect determination of several organic functional groups

are commonly determined by saponification with a measured quantity of

standard base

is the process by which an ester is hydrolyzed in alkaline solution to give an alcohol and a conjugate base.

are quantitative methods that are based on determining the mass of a pure compound to which the analyte is chemically related.

the analyte is separated from a solution of the sample as a precipitate and is converted to a compound of known composition that can be weighed.

the analyte is separated from other constituents of a sample by converting it to a gas of known chemical composition.

the analyte is separated by deposition on an electrode by an electrical

Current.

Mass of the product is proportional to the concentration of the analyte.

whose tiny particles are invisible to the naked eye

the scattering of light as a light beam passes through a colloid. 

The temporary dispersion of such particles in the liquid phase is called a

The net effect of these variables can be accounted for, at least qualitatively, by assuming that the particle size is related to a single property of the system called

an unstable solution that contains a higher solute concentration than

a saturated solution.

a process in which minimum number of atoms, ions, or molecules join together to give a stable solid.

a smaller number of larger particles is obtained.

 a process in which

a substance (gas, liquid, or solid)

is held on the surface of a solid.

is retention of a

substance within the pores of a solid

are plots of a concentration-related variable versus titrant volume.

 involve measuring the volume of a solution of known concentration that is needed to react completely with the analyte.

 a process in which

the excess of a standard solution used

to consume an analyte is determined

by titration with a second standard solution

a theoretical point reached when the amount of added titrant is chemically equivalent to the amount of analyte in the sample

the point in a titration when a physical change occurs that is associated with the condition of chemical equivalence

The difference in volume or mass between the equivalence point and the end-point

concentration of a volumetric

solution is determined by titrating it

against a carefully measured quantity

of a primary or secondary standard or

an exactly known volume of another

standard solution.