Question 1

Working Memory Model Introduction (pt1 memory definition)

Accepted Answer

Memory is a complex cognitive process consisting of 3 key elements, encoding, storage and retrieval of information, There are many types of memory, Semantic,(facts; paris is in france), Episodic, (events; birthdate), Procedural, (how to do something,; cycling), Facial recognition, (faces; eg mom),

Question 2

Working Memory Model Introduction (pt1 memory definition)

Accepted Answer

freetext://Memory is a complex cognitive process consisting of 3 key elements: encoding, storage and retrieval of information. There are many types of memory:
Semantic (facts, paris france) 
Episodic (events, birthdate)
Procedural (how to do something, cycling)
Facial recognition (faces, eg mom).

Question 3

Multi-Store Memory Model Introduction (pt2 the MSMM)

Accepted Answer

freetext://Many models have been proposed to explain human memory. Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed MSMM and it suggests that there are 3 memory stores:
 Sensory buffer: A temporary store holding information received from the environment. Includes auditory, tactile, or olfactory. Information needs to receive attention to be transferred to STM and LTM.
Short-Term Memory (STM): This is a store with limited capacity (7 +- 2) and duration (30 seconds). Information enters STM from the sensory buffer if attention is paid to the stimuli. If the information in STM is rehearsed, then it moves to long-term memory. If new information is not rehearsed or if more information disrupts rehearsal, it may be displaced and lost. When we recall something it is retrieved from LTM and enters our STM to allow for decision making and problem solving.
Long Term Memory (LTM): is where memory is stored after it has been rehearsed while in STM. LTM is of virtually unlimited capacity and duration.

Question 4

Multi-Store Memory Model Introduction (pt2 the MSMM)

Accepted Answer

jumble://

There have been many models proposed to explain human memory, MSM was proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin and it suggests that there are 3 memory stores, Sensory buffer, A temporary store holding information received from the environment, Includes auditory tactile or olfactory, Information needs to receive attention to be transferred to STM and LTM, Short Term Memory (STM), This is a store with limited capacity (7 +- 2) and duration (30 seconds), Information enters STM from the sensory buffer if attention is paid to the stimuli, If the information in STM is rehearsed, then it moves to long-term memory, If new information is not rehearsed or if more information disrupts rehearsal, it may be displaced and lost. When we recall something it is retrieved from LTM and enters our STM to allow for decision-making and problem solving, Long Term Memory (LTM), is where memory is stored after it has been rehearsed while in STM, LTM is of virtually unlimited capacity and duration.

Question 5

Glanzer and Cunitz (Experiment) aim

Accepted Answer

The aim of this experiment is to test the hypothesis that there are two distinct storage mechanisms: the STM store and the LTM store through the serial position effect.

Question 6

Glanzer and Cunitz Procedure

Accepted Answer

freetext://The serial position effect has been used to support the idea that there are separate stores for STM and LTM. Army enlisted men were presented with recordings of 20-word lists of common 1-syllable nouns. There were 2 conditions:
Immediate free recall for two minutes after 
Filler task (counting down) for 30 seconds then free recall

Question 7

Glanzer and Cunitz Results

Accepted Answer

scrambled:// Immediate Free Recall Condition: Serial position effect in both its aspects was present: participants better remembered the first words presented (primacy effect) and the last ones presented (recency effect). This is stipulated to be due to the first words being rehearsed adequately and moved to LTM. Finally the last words were still within the STM time limit, 30 seconds, of the STM, hence why they were often recalled.
Filler Task Condition: Only primacy effect was present. This is due to the STM having a time limit of 30 seconds and no adequate time present for rehearsal to transfer last words to LTM therefore displaced during the filler task.
**The limited capacity, 7+-2, of STM is why words in the middle were displaced in both conditions.

Question 8

Glanzer and Cunitz Results

Accepted Answer

freetext:// Immediate Free Recall Condition: Serial position effect in both its aspects was present: participants better remembered the first words presented (primacy effect) and the last ones presented (recency effect). This is stipulated to be due to the first words being rehearsed adequately and moved to LTM. Finally the last words were still within the STM time limit, 30 seconds, of the STM, hence why they were often recalled.
Filler Task Condition: Only primacy effect was present. This is due to the STM having a time limit of 30 seconds and no adequate time present for rehearsal to transfer last words to LTM therefore displaced during the filler task.
**The limited capacity, 7+-2, of STM is why words in the middle were displaced in both conditions.

Question 9

Glanzer and Cunitz Link

Accepted Answer

Therefore this study provides evidence that the STM and LTM are separate memory stores, that STM is limited, and that transfer to LTM requires rehearsal otherwise information is displaced.

Question 10

Multi-store Memory Model Introduction (pt1 memory defenition)

Accepted Answer

Memory is a complex cognitive process consisting of 3 key elements, encoding, storage and retrieval of information, There are many types of memory, Semantic,(facts; paris is in france), Episodic, (events; birthdate), Procedural, (how to do something,; cycling), Facial recognition, (faces; eg mom),

Question 11

Multi-store Memory Model Introduction (pt1 memory defenition)

Accepted Answer

freetext://Memory is a complex cognitive process consisting of 3 key elements: encoding, storage and retrieval of information. There are many types of memory:
Semantic (facts, paris france) 
Episodic (events, birthdate)
Procedural (how to do something, cycling)
Facial recognition (faces, eg mom).

Question 12

Working Memory Model Introduction (pt2 the WMM)

Accepted Answer

A memory model, was proposed by, Baddeley and Hitch (1974), who were among the first to, challenge the view that STM is a single store, Their working memory model suggests that STM is not a single store but, rather consists of a number of different stores, They proposed that a central executive system(CES) along with, 3 other slave or subordinate systems are responsible for STM, The CES has limited capacity and is modality free (can process any type of sensory information)., It is an attention-control system (focuses, divides and switches attention) and it monitors and coordinates the operations of the 3 subordinate systems:, The phonological loop is involved in the temporary storage and rehearsal of auditory or verbal information., Consisting of two subcomponents:, The phonological store which holds auditory information for 1.5 to 2 seconds without rehearsal (it is the inner ear), & The articulatory control system which allows for subvocal rehearsal of auditory information such as, a telephone number (it is the inner voice)., The visuospatial sketchpad is, the temporary store for visual (shapes & color), and spatial (space/surroundings) information, This is particularly important in tasks involving visual perception and navigation., The episodic buffer links information, to create comprehensive and coherent, representation of experiences.

Question 13

Landry and Bartling /Experiment aim

Accepted Answer

The aim is to investigate if articulatory suppression would influence the recall of a written list of phonologically dissimilar letters in serial recall.

Question 14

Landry and Bartling Results

Accepted Answer

The experimental group performed significantly worse than the control group (mean = 45% compared to 76%). These results are statistically significant.

Question 15

Landry and Bartling Procedure

Accepted Answer

freetext://The participants were derived from a convenience sample. There were 2 conditions, each performed with 10 trials, with independent measures design.
Condition 1 (control) was presented with 7 phonologically dissimilar letters each presented for 5 seconds and after 5 seconds they had to recall them in the same order.
Condition 2 (experimental) were instructed to say 1,2 while the same list is shown and while recalling the list of letters in order. This was an articulatory suppression task.

Question 16

Working Memory Model Introduction (pt2 the WMM)

Accepted Answer

freetext://A memory model was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974) who were among the first to challenge the view that STM is a single store. Their working memory model suggests that STM is not a single store but rather consists of a number of different stores. They proposed that a central executive system(CES) along with 3 other slave or subordinate systems are responsible for STM. The CES has limited capacity and is modality free (can process any type of sensory information). It is an attention-control system (focuses, divides and switches attention) and it monitors and coordinates the operations of the 3 subordinate systems:
The phonological loop is involved in the temporary storage and rehearsal of auditory or verbal information. Consisting of two subcomponents:
The phonological store which holds auditory information for 1.5 to 2 seconds without rehearsal (it is the inner ear.
& The articulatory control system which allows for subvocal rehearsal of auditory information such as a telephone number (it is the inner voice).
The visuospatial sketchpad is the temporary store for visual (shapes & color) and spatial (space/surroundings) information. This is particularly important in tasks involving visual perception and navigation.
The episodic buffer links information to create comprehensive and coherent representation of experiences.

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