A function of vocalics in that vocalic cues allow us to emphasize particular parts of a message, which helps determine meaning; for example, "SHE is my friend" or "She IS my friend"

A conflict management style characterized by low levels of assertiveness and cooperation; a lose-lose orientation; putting the other party's needs before your own and allowing them to win

Leaders who strive for excellence and set challenging goals, constantly seeking improvement and exhibiting confidence that group members can meet their high expectations

Listeners who focus on what action needs to take place in regards to a received message and try to formulate an organized way to initiate that action

The process of pairing outwardly visible positive listening behaviors with positive cognitive listening practices

Listening that occurs when a listener becomes actively and emotionally involved in an interaction in such a way that it is conscious on the part of the listener and perceived by the speaker.

Attributes that you or someone else believes you actually possess

An overall feeling that we are not obtaining our desires and hopes, which leads to feelings of disappointment, dissatisfaction, and frustration

An overall feeling that we are not meeting our duties and obligations, which can lead to a feeling that we have fallen short of our own moral standards

Touching behaviors and movements that indicate internal states typically related to arousal or anxiety; for example, clicking pens, shaking legs, etc.

The stage of group development that occurs when a group dissolves because it has completed its purpose or goal, membership is declining and support for the group no longer exists, or it is dissolved because of some other internal or external cause

A bad listening practice in which people pay attention in order to attack something that a speaker says

Unproductive role in which someone exhibits negative behaviors such as contradicting ideas, attacking others, competing at the expense of the group, and being outspoken to the point of distraction

Objects and possessions that surround us such as clothes, jewelry and space decorations

Personal, social or cultural identities that are placed on us by others

a conflict management style characterized by low levels of assertiveness and cooperation; a lose-lose orientation; ignoring or withdrawing from the conflict and not addressing it

Personal, social or cultural identities that we claim for ourselves

Verbal and nonverbal signals we send while someone is talking; consiste of verbal cues like "uh-huh", and/or nonverbal cues like direct eye contact and learning forward

Messages that present listening difficulties; often includes poorly structured messages, too much jargon, vague messages, etc.

Speakers that present listening difficulties, often includes message overload, message complexity, etc.

An unproductive role that intentionally or unintentionally keeps things from getting done in the group

A quick generation of ideas, free of evaluation; an idea-generating and/or decision-making method

That which is of material, social, or cultural value, forming the foundation of social life and dictating one's position within the social order

Methods by which encoded messages are sent to receivers for decoding; most messages are sent through visual and/or auditory channels

The study of how time affects communication; includes how different time cycles affects communication and the differences between people who are past or future oriented, etc.

a method of confronting a social loafer characterized by reorganizing tasks and responsibilities that will result in a desired outcome whether or not the social loafer contributes

Different cultural identities people experience layered together to create a complex identity.

Cultural agreed on and ever-changing systems of symbols that help us organize, understand, and generate meaning

Power that comes from the ability of a group member to provide a negative incentive; for example, "vote for me, or else..."

the degree to which group members identify with and like the group's task and other group members; the stick-tuitiveness of a group; helps establish an overall group climate

a conflict management style characterized by high levels of assertiveness and high levels of cooperation; a win-win orientation; working together to find a solution that fully satisfies both parties

A society that values collective achievements more than individual successes

The process of generating meaning by sending and receiving verbal and nonverbal symbols and signs that are influenced by multiple contexts

Fear or anxiety experienced by a person due to actual or imagined communication with another person or persons

The knowledge of effective and appropriate communication patterns and the ability to use and adapt that knowledge in various contexts

The principle of communication that deals with the process of negotiating and reflecting on our actions and communication regarding what we believe to be right and wrong

A conflict management style characterized by high levels of assertiveness and low levels of cooperation; a win-lose orientation; pursuing one's own interests and goals at the expense of others

A function of vocalics in that vocalic cues elaborate on or modify verbal and nonverbal meaning; for example, using pitch and volume to say "I love pickles" would add context to the meaning of the sentence, such as the degree to which the person loves pickles or the use of sarcasm

Communication aimed at getting people to do something or act in a particular way

Tactics that help you persuade others to do something or act in a particular way; includes offering rewards, threatening punishment, using expertise, liking, debt, altruism, and esteem

A conflict management style characterized by medium levels of assertiveness and cooperation; thought of as a lose-lose orientation because both parties have to give up something in order to resolve the conflict; finding a middle ground that partially satisfies both parties

An expressed struggle between interdependent parties over goals which they perceive as incompatible or resources which they perceive to be insufficient

conflicts in which various parties either hold totally different values or rank the same values in a significantly different order

Definitions that are based on emotion- or experience-based associations people have with a word

a decision-making method in which group members engage in discussion and reach a decision that all group members can support; does not mean that a decision is unanimous

A decision-making technique in which all members of a group must agree on the same decision

Listeners who like to listen to complex information and evaluate the content of a message, often from multiple perspectives, before drawing conclusions

A function of vocalics in that vocalic cues may contradict other verbal or nonverbal signals; for example, a person could say, "I'm fine" in a quick short tone that indicates otherwise

Listening with the goal of analyzing or evaluating a message based on information presented verbal and information that can be inferred from context

Multiple cultural identities that influence our communication, such as race, gender, nationality, ethnicity, sexual orientation, class and ability

The components of self that are based on socially constructed categories that teach us a way of being and include expectations for social behavior or ways of acting

Views of self that are influenced by cultural experience, including ethnicity, race, gender, etc.

societal values which influence behaviors and communication across different cultures

The ongoing negotiation of learned and patterned beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors; negotiated and dynamic

a structured argument in which participants speak for or against a pre-announced proposition

The process of turning communication into thoughts

communication behavior which occurs when an individual perceives threat or anticipates threat in the group

Definitions that are accepted by the language group as a whole; the dictionary definition of a word

Leaders who are officially recognized in their leadership role; may be appointed or elected by people inside or outside the group; especially successful when they are sought out by others to fulfill and then are accepted in leadership roles

A relationship between two opposing concepts that constantly push and pull one another

Dualistic ways of thinking that highlight opposites, reducing the ability to see gradations that exist in between concepts; for example, good/evil, right/wrong, male/female, etc.

A dialectic that focuses on how we are simultaneously similar to and different from others

The unequal access to technology and related skills that exists in much of the world

Leaders who help provide psychological structure for their group members by clearly communicating expectations, keeping a schedule and agenda, providing specific guidance as group members work toward the completion of their task, and taking the lead on setting and communicating group rules and procedures

Utterances that try to get another person to do something

A focused and instrumental type of listening that is primarily physiological; occurs mostly at the receiving stage of the listening process

The ability to talk about events that are removed in space or time from a speaker and situation

Listening that occurs when we incorrectly recall information, skew information to fit our expectations or existing schema, or add material to embellish or change information

Group members that act more independently and directly, initiate conversations, take up more space, make more direct eye contact, seek leadership positions, and take control over decision-making processes

Identities that historically have had and currently have more resources and influence in society

Unproductive role in which a person is chronically submissive to the point that it hurts the group's progress

That which goes without saying or is commonly accepted

A bad listening practice that involves a calculated and planned attempt to secretly listen to a conversation, which is a violation of the speakers' privacy

Gestures that have a specific agreed upon meaning; for example, a hitchhiker's raised thumb which in the US would mean, "I need a ride."

Leaders who gain status and respect through engagement with the group and its task and are turned to by others as a resource when leadership is needed

Listening that occurs when we try to understand or experience what a speaker is thinking or feeling; the most challenging form of listening

The process of turning thoughts into communication

Any physical noise present in a communication encounter

a cause of social loafing that occurs when group members believe others are not putting forth as much effort, so they lessen their efforts in the group so their contribution is more equitable; they believe that others in the group are slacking

To overfocus on similarities or reduce/overlook important variations within a group

The tendency to view your own culture as superior to other cultures

a method of confronting a social loafer characterized by dismissing the social loafer from the group; sometimes not feasible

A task-related role that functions to keep the group on track toward completing its task by managing the agenda and setting and assessing goals in order to monitor the group's progress

Power that comes from knowledge, skill, or expertise that a group member possesses and other group members do not.

Explanations of behavior that occur by connecting the cause of behaviors to situational factors

A personality trait that refers to a person's interest in interacting with others; high extraversion suggests that a person is very interested in interaction with others

A type of verbal expression that communicates emotions

the degree to which behaviors generally associated with men or women are valued in a society

The perception we have of another person when we first meet them; includes perceptions of their personality, likeability, attractiveness, etc.

The first stage of group development characterized by members; begins to reduce uncertainty associated with new relationships and/or tasks through initial interactions that lay the foundation for later group dynamics; primary tension is prevalent in this stage

a group presentation characterized by one or more experts being questioned by a panel of other experts, journalists and/or the audience

The tendency to explain others' behaviors using internal rather than external attributions

A task role that manages the flow of conversation in a group in order to achieve an appropriate balance so that all group members get to participate in a meaningful way

the relatively enduring tone and quality of group interactions that is experienced similarly by group members

The commitment of members to the purpose of the group and the degree of attraction among individuals in the group

Communication among three or more people interacting to achieve a shared goal; often task-focused, more intentional and formal than interpersonal communication

a method of confronting a social loafer characterized by the entire group addressing the problem with the dissenting team member and specifically addressing the problem(s) they have observed

non-task related communication such as inside jokes or stories

The tendency for a group to make a decision that is more extreme, either riskier or more cautious, than the actual preferences of the individual group members

group pressure where members remain silent and seek to avoid conflict and decisions are based on the faulty assumption that the group is in agreement

A sense of social propriety that allows for the successful navigation of social environments

A perception that occurs when initial positive perception leads us to view later interactions as positive

The study of communication by touch

A maintenance role played by group members who help manage the various types of group conflict that emerge during group communication

The domination of a culturally diverse society by the ruling class which manipulates the culture of that society-its beliefs, explanations, perceptions, values, and so forth-so that the imposed, ruling-class worldview becomes the accepted cultural norm

the degree to which contextual cues are important in interpreting a message

A style of communication in which much of the meaning generated in an interaction comes from nonverbal and contextual cues rather than verbal communication; for example, East Asian and Latin American cultures use a high context communication style.

A perception that occurs when initial negative perceptions lead us to view later interactions as negative

Attributes that you or someone else would like you to possess

The need to present ourselves to others and be thought of in particular and desired ways

Gestures used to illustrate the verbal message they accompany; for example, using hand gestures to indicate the size or shape of an object

Verbal and nonverbal behaviors the lessen real or perceived physical and psychological distance between communicators; includes smiling, nodding, eye contact, and occasional social, polite, or professional touch

the degree to which members of a society are integrated into groups

A society that values competition and individual achievement more than collective accomplishments

placing importance on individual freedom and personal independence

Power that comes from a person's ability to access information that comes through informal channels and well-established social and professional networks

A task role that includes sharing information with the rest of the group; more evenly shared than other roles because all group members share new ideas, initiate discussion of new topics and contribute their own relevant knowledge and experiences

A task role that includes asking for more information, elaboration, or clarification on items relevant to the group's task

Listening with the goal of comprehending and retaining information

A disruptive role characterized by behavior of a person who wants to know that s/he is valued by the group and seeks recognitions that is often not task related

Needs that help us get things done in our day-to-day lives and achieve short- and long-term goals

A philosophy that encourages students to reflect on how the content they are learning connects to other classes they have taken or are taking, their professional goals, and their civic responsibilities

A model that describes communication as a process in which participants alternate positions as sender and receiver and generate meaning by sending messages and receiving feedback within physical and psychological contexts

Communication between people with differing cultural identities

Relationships formed between people with different cultural identities; includes friends, romantic partners, family, and coworkers

Sharing a common purpose and a common fate in a group because the members are reliant on one another

Explanations of behavior that occur by connecting the cause of behaviors to personal aspects such as personality traits

Identifying the relationship between sender and receiver as the cause of the disclosure; for example, if you attribute your coworker's comments to the fact that you are best friends at work, you think your unique relationship caused the disclosure

Communication between people whose lives mutually influence one another; occurs in various contexts; builds, maintains and ends our relationships

The third part of the perception process in which we assign meaning to our experiences using mental structures known as schemata

A maintenance role that helps manage the diversity of a group by mediating intercultural conflict, articulating common ground between different people, and generally creating a climate where difference is seen as an opportunity rather than as something to be feared

A bad listening practice (such as overlapping statements, etc.) that becomes distracting for the speaker or are unnecessary

A view which asks us to acknowledge that we each have multiple cultures and identities that intersect with each other

Within 1.5 feet of our body; reserved for our closest friends, family, and romantic/intimate partners

Communication with oneself using internal vocalization or reflective thinking; triggered by an internal or external stimulus

A theory of self-disclosure that helps us understand what parts of ourselves are open, hidden, blind, and unknown

Unsupportive accusatory messages that are usually generalized overstatements about another person that go beyond labeling, but still do not describe specific behavior in a productive way; for example, "You're never going to be able to hold down a job."

The study of hand, arm, body and face movements

a cause of social loafing that occurs in the absence of an individual evaluation structure imposed by the environment

The process by which we learn to understand, produce, and use words to communicate within a given language group

A group role that is associated with a high-status position and may be formally or informally recognized by group members

The complexity of beliefs, communication patterns, and behaviors that influence the functioning of a group and move toward the completion of its task

Power that flows from the officially recognized position, status, or title, of a group member

a cause of social loafing that occurs when group members feel they can hide in the crowd and avoid the consequences of not contributing

The learned process of receiving, interpreting, recalling, evaluating, and responding to verbal and nonverbal messages

Characteristics and norms of an organization and its members that contribute to expectations for and perceptions about listening

A mental storage capability to which stimuli in short-term memory can be transferred if they are connected to existing schema and in which information can be stored indefinitely

The view of self which is formed based on how we believe other people see us; a reflective process of perceiving self; forming self-concept through our interactions with others and their reactions to us

A style of communication in which much of the meaning generated in an interaction comes from the verbal communication used rather than nonverbal or contextual cues; for example, US Americans us a low-context communication style

A decision-making technique in which a majority must agree before a decision is made

a decision-making method in which the decision is made by more than half of the group members agreeing

Public communication transmitted to many people through print, electronic, or digital media

Representations of self we see in the media; usually include idealized representation of attractiveness

The process of intentionally separating intrusive or irrelevant thoughts that may distract you from listening.

The verbal or nonverbal content being conveyed from send to receiver

A decision-making technique in which a designated authority or expert has final say over a decision and may or may not consider the input of other group members

A listener's replication of the nonverbal signals of a speaker; for example, adopting the posture of another in order to project empathy

Messages in which verbal and nonverbal signals contradict each other

Techniques that can aid in information recall; includes acronyms, rhymes, and visualizations; for example, setting the ABCs to music to memorize the alphabet or "i before e except after c" to remember spelling rules, etc.

Cultures where people tend to schedule their time rigidly and value punctuality

A group member who makes excessive verbal contributions, preventing equal participation by group members

The smallest unit of meaning in a language

A form of self-centered and self-absorbed listening in which listeners try to make the interaction about them

The best results will come not from prioritizing the individual or prioritizing the group but from choosing what is in the best interest of both the group and the individuals who comprise the group

A type of verbal expression that communicates wants or requests help or support

A characteristic of problem solving that suggests groups must consider how many people the decision will affect and how much "buy-in" from others the group needs in order for their solution to be successfully implemented

An unsupportive message that holds a person up to a supposed standard or characteristics of another person that can lead to feelings of inferiority or resentment

Newly coined or used words just brought into linguistic existence

Anything that interferes with a message being sent between participants in a communication encounter

A technique that guides decision making through a four-step process that includes idea generation and evaluation and seeks to elicit equal contributions from all group members

A cause of social loafing that occurs when the group is not cohesive because members are not concerned about letting down their teammates

Identities that historically have had and currently have less resources and influence in society

A process of generating meaning using behavior other than words; includes vocal elements (paralanguage) and nonvocal elements (body language).

The stage of group development in which the practices and expectations of the group are solidified, which leads to more stability, productivity, and cohesion within the group

Social conventions that we pick up on through observation, practice, and trial and error.

A common component of a problem that stands in the way between the current situation and the group's goal of addressing it

The study of eye behaviors on communication, especially eye contact; sometimes considered a subset of kinesics

The second part of the perception process in which we sort and categorize information that we perceive based on innate and learned cognitive patterns; proximity, similarity, and difference are the three ways we sort things

Attributes that you or someone else believes you should possess

a group presentation format that consists of a group of experts publicly discussing a topic among themselves

Vocalized, but not verbal, part of a spoken message such as rate, volume and pitch that add meaning to communication

Each member takes responsibility for preparing different parts or sections or is assigned a role (author, editor, leader). Writers work independently then parts put together and harmonized writing style

A responding behavior characterized by rephrasing another's message into your own words; shows that you understand what was communicated

Senders and/or receivers of messages

Leaders who work to include group members in the decision-making process by soliciting and considering opinions and suggestions

Listeners concerned about the emotional states of others and listen with the purpose of offering support in interpersonal relationships

The process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting information

A strategy to help us monitor our reactions to and perceptions about people and communication; a skill that helps avoid jumping to conclusions; helps verify the meaning of others' ambiguous behaviors; includes 3 steps, 1) Description of behavior; 2) Two possible interpretations; and 3) A request for feedback

The stage of group development in which group members work relatively smoothly toward the completion of a task or achievement of a purpose

The components of self that are primarily intrapersonal and connected to our life experiences

How the objects we adorn ourselves and our surroundings with, provide nonverbal cues that others make meaning from; how our physical environment influences communication; for example, the layout seating positions in a room influences communication

1.5 - 4 feet away from our body; thought of as our "personal space bubble"; reserved for friends, close acquaintances, and significant others

Refers to the connection between our personal patterns of and preferences for communicating; for example, a manager may be informal with her US workers, yet would need to more professional with employees from Malayasia, which is a higher power distance country

The sounds of a language

Environmental factors in a communication encounter, such as size, layout, temperature, and lighting; accounted for in the interactional model

Making impressions based on physical characteristics such as style, dress, body features, material objects, etc.

Needs that keep our bodies and minds functioning

Noise stemming from a physical illness, injury or bodily stress; for example, a broken leg, a headache, etc.

A tonal quality that helps convey meaning, regulate conversational flow, and communicate the intensity of a message

a discussion in which group members express views and identify alternatives but then reach no decision and take no action

Cultures where people do not view time as a linear progression and tend to be more flexible with expected scheduling

the degree to which the less powerful members of societies accept and expect that power is distributed unequally

Negative feelings or attitudes toward people based on their identity or identities

a full-sentence outline of virtually everything the speaker intends to say; allows speakers to test the structure, logic, and persuasive appeals in the speech

Placing more value on the first information we receive about a person; leads to enduring first impressions

Long-lasting groups that are formed based on relationships and include significant others

A dialectic that captures the complex interrelation of unearned, systemic advantages and disadvantages that operate among our various identities

A question that guides that group as it generates possible solutions

A single sentence that summarizes the problem

Behaviors that present a person as a role model and make a person more likeable and attractive

The study of how space and distance influence communication

Behaving as if you're paying attention to a speaker when you're actually not

Mental and emotional factors in a communication encounter, such as stress, anxiety and emotions; accounted for in the interactional model

Noise stemming from our psychological states including moods and level of arousal; can facilitate or impede listening; for example, positive and negative emotions such as love or stress will influence our communication

Sender-focused form of communication in which one person is typically responsible for conveying information to an audience

The space zone four or more feet away from our body; communication in this zone is typically formal and not intimate

A type of communication apprehension that produces physiological, cognitive and behavioral reactions in people when faced with a real or imagined presentation

The structuring of information in to a timeline to determine the cause (stimulus) and effect (response) of our communication interactions

a clear, agreed upon outcome for the presentation

The team collaborates synchronously, negotiating content, reacting to proposed modifications, and making adjustments at the same time

Placing more value on the most recent impression we have of a person's communication over earlier impressions

Power that comes from the attractiveness, likeability, and charisma of the group member

A function of vocalics in that vocalic cues help regulate the flow of conversations; for example, falling pitch and slowing rate of speaking usually indicate the end of a speaking turn

The previous interpersonal history and type of relationship we have with a person

Needs that help us maintain social bonds and interpersonal relationships

Groups formed to promote interpersonal connections; focused on quality interactions that contribute to the well-being of group members

conflicts that involve people's egos and sense of self-worth; often referred to as personality clashes

A function of vocalics in that vocalic cues reinforce other verbal and nonverbal cues; for example, saying "I'm not sure" with an uncertain tone

Our tendency to rehearse what we are going to say next while a speaker is still talking

Power that comes from a group member to provide a positive incentive as a compliance-gaining strategy

Speaking well and persuasively, structuring messages for the most persuasive outcome.

Sets of information that become so familiar that we use them as scripts, which prompts mindless communication

refers to the tendency of individual productivity to decrease as the size of a group increases; individuals tend to exert less effort when they are in a group than they would as individuals

The degree to which something attracts our attention in a particular context

An unsupportive message that represents passive-aggressive behavior through which a person indirectly communicates negative feelings

Units of information, like a stored database, that we use to interpret new experiences

The first part of the perception process in which we focus our attention on certain incoming sensory information

Our tendency to pay attention to the messages that benefit us in some way and filter others out

Roles that divert attention from the task to the group member exhibiting the behavior

The overall idea of who a person thinks they are.

A disruptive role played by a group member who tries to use group meetings as therapy sessions for issues not related to the group's task

Purposeful disclosure of personal information to another person

A theory that states that people have beliefs about and expectations for their actual and potential selves that do not always match up with what they actually experience.

Judgments people make about their ability to perform a task within a specific context

Tendency to emphasize our desirable qualities relative to other people

Judgments and evaluations we make about our self-concept; can be positive or negative

Thought and action patterns in which a person's false belief triggers a behavior that makes the initial false belief actually or seemingly come true

The process of strategically concealing or revealing personal information in order to influence others' perceptions

Being aware of, and able to recount your thoughts and actions

Sending affirmative and positive messages to yourself

A perceptual error through which we attribute the cause of our successes to internal personal factors while attributing our failures to external factors beyond our control

Behaviors that present a person in a positive light; for example, as highly skilled, willing to challenge others, and someone not to be messed with

Noise that occurs in the encoding and decoding process when participants do not understand or have different meanings of a symbol

The study of the structure and meaning of words

Lead author produces an initial draft and the other participants propose and discuss modifications to it

Each writer is assigned and writes a portion of the document and then passes it to the next writer, with style harmonization required at the end of the process

A teaching and learning approach that integrates community service with academic study to enrich learning, teach civic responsibility, and strengthen communities"

the extent to which a society looks forward to the future rather than resorting to the past to solve problem in the present or the future

A mental storage capability that can retain stimuli for twenty seconds to one minute

Identifying the cause of a disclosure with the context or surroundings in which it takes place; for example, you may attribute your coworker's disclosure to the fact that you agreed to go to lunch with her

New or adapted words that are specific to a group, content, and/or time period; regarded as less formal; represent people's creative play with language

Interactions among three or more people who are connected through a common purpose, mutual influence, and a shared identity

Forces that socialize us into our respective social and cultural groups and play a role in presenting us with options about who we can be; for example, parents, siblings, peers, etc.

the attraction and liking among group members

A theory of self-disclosure that states we evaluate ourselves based on how we compare with others

The stated rules or unstated norms that guide communication

Forces that influence our thinking and perception, such as family, friends, sociocultural norms and the media

The components of self that are derived from involvement in social groups with which we are personally committed

When group members contribute less to the group than they would if working alone

A theory of self-disclosure that states as we get to know someone, we engage in a reciprocal process of self-disclosure that changes in breadth and depth and affects how a relationship develops; focuses on depth and breadth of shared information

The space 4-12 feet away from our body, typically in the context of a professional or casual interaction, not intimate or public

A leader who performs a variety of maintenance roles and is generally someone who is well liked by the other group members and whose role behaviors complement but don't compete with the task leader

A dialectic that suggest culture and communication change over time yet often appear to be and are experienced as stable

Set beliefs that we develop about groups that are applied to individuals from that group

The stage of group development in which conflict emerges as people begin to perform their various roles, have their ideas heard, and negotiate where they fit in the group's structure; secondary tension is prevalent in this stage

a cause of social loafing that occurs when team members perceive that a well-defined goal with several people working toward it doesn't require them to work as hard

Group members that are reserved, contribute to the group only when asked, avoid eye contact, and leave personal needs and thoughts unvoiced or give into the suggestions of others

A function of vocalics in that vocalic cues can take the place of other verbal of nonverbal cues; for example, saying "uh huh" instead of "I am listening and understand what you're saying."

A maintenance role characterized by communication behaviors that encourage other group members and provide emotional support as needed

Leaders who show concern for their followers' needs and emotions

Messages communicated in an open, honest, and nonconfrontational way

Something that stands in for or represents something else. Letters are symbols we use to communicate

a theory developed by Bormann that our sense of group identity or group consciousness is developed over time through what he called fantasies, or non-task related communication such as inside jokes or stories

a group presentation format that involves a series of short speeches, usually informative, on various aspects of the same general topic

Potential for gains in performance or heightened quality of interactions when complementary members or member characteristics are added to existing ones; actions of the group exceed the sum of the actions of the individuals; 1+1 > 2

The study of sentence structure

the commitment of group members to the purpose and activities of the group

A characteristic of a problem that creates more complexity in a problem

A person who has high group status because of maturity, problem-solving abilities, knowledge, and/or leadership experience and skills and functions to help the group complete its task

Groups formed to solve a problem, promote a cause, or generate ideas or information

Task-oriented groups in which members are especially loyal and dedicated to the task and other group members

A maintenance role usually played by someone who is naturally funny and sensitive to the personalities of the group and the dynamics of any given situation and who uses these qualities to manage the frustration level of the group

An innate drive to take up and defend spaces

Nonverbal cues that communicate intimacy and signal the connection between two people

Listeners who are more concerned about time limits and timelines than they are with the content or senders of a message

Describes communication as a process in which communicators generate social realities within social, relational, and cultural contexts; suggests that we are simultaneously senders and receivers; posits that communication helps to construct our realities

A model that describes communication as a linear, one-way process in which a sender intentionally transmits a message to a receiver; sometimes referred to as the injection model

A model of communication that indicates the relationship among a thought, symbol, and referent and highlights the indirect relationship between the symbol and referent

the degree of tolerance for ambiguity in a society

Competent communication that occurs when you just communicate successfully without straining to be competent

Incompetent communication that occurs when you are unaware that you are communicating in an incompetent manner

A common component of a problem; undesirable situations present problems

a cause of social loafing that occurs when individuals believe compensation has not been allotted equally among group members, so they will withdraw individual efforts

Group members who are disagreeable, indifferent, withdrawn, and selfish, which leads them to either not invest in decision-making or direct it in their own interest rather than in the interest of the group

Negative roles in group communication that make it difficult for the group to make progress; include blocker, withdrawer, aggressor, and doormat

Messages that make others respond defensively; lead to feelings of separation and actual separation or dissolution of a relationship

Language that helps us communicate our observations, thoughts, feelings, and needs

Sounds that fill gaps speech between words

Groups that engage in virtual interaction through taking advantage of new technologies; meet exclusively or primarily online to achieve their purpose or goal

The study of paralangage, which includes vocal qualities such as pitch, volume, rate, vocal quality, and verbal fillers

An unproductive role in which a person mentally or physically removes themselves from group activities and only participates when forced