Question 1

What is a mineral?

Accepted Answer

A naturally occurring inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and crystalline structure

Answer

Any rock found on Earth

Answer

A man‑made crystal

Answer

A liquid formed underground

Question 2

What is the difference between a rock and a mineral?

Accepted Answer

A mineral has a specific chemical composition; a rock is made of minerals

Answer

Minerals can only form underwater

Answer

Minerals are always larger than rocks

Answer

Rocks are liquids that cooled

Question 3

What are igneous rocks?

Accepted Answer

Rocks formed when molten rock cools and solidifies

Answer

Rocks changed by heat and pressure inside Earth

Answer

Rocks made from compacted plant and animal remains

Answer

Rocks created only from ocean sediments

Question 4

What are sedimentary rocks?

Accepted Answer

Rocks formed from layers of sediments that are compacted and cemented

Answer

Rocks melted and recrystallized deep in Earth

Answer

Rocks formed when magma cools underground

Answer

Rocks formed from volcanic glass

Question 5

What are intrusive igneous rocks?

Accepted Answer

Rocks formed when magma cools slowly below Earth’s surface

Answer

Rocks formed when lava cools on Earth’s surface

Answer

Rocks changed by heat and pressure but not melted

Answer

Rocks created by compacted sediment layers

Question 6

What are extrusive igneous rocks?

Accepted Answer

Rocks formed when lava cools quickly on Earth’s surface

Answer

Rocks made from broken rock fragments cemented together

Answer

Rocks that form only at tectonic plate boundaries

Answer

Rocks formed when magma cools deep underground

Question 7

Which feature best describes intrusive rocks?

Accepted Answer

Large, visible crystals from slow cooling

Answer

Very small crystals from rapid cooling

Answer

Glassy texture with no visible crystals

Answer

Layers of compacted and cemented sediments

Question 8

Which feature best describes extrusive rocks?

Accepted Answer

Fine-grained or glassy texture from fast cooling

Answer

Large, coarse-grained crystals

Answer

Foliation from intense pressure

Answer

Rounded fragments cemented together

Question 9

What are metamorphic rocks?

Accepted Answer

Rocks that have been changed by heat and pressure without melting

Answer

Rocks formed from cooling lava at Earth’s surface

Answer

Rocks formed by weathering and erosion alone

Answer

Rocks made entirely from fossil shells

Question 10

What process turns magma into igneous rock?

Accepted Answer

Cooling and solidification

Answer

Compaction

Answer

Condensation

Answer

Erosion

Question 11

What process turns sediment into sedimentary rock?

Accepted Answer

Lithification

Answer

Melting

Answer

Evaporation

Answer

Radiation

Question 12

What process changes any rock into metamorphic rock?

Accepted Answer

Metamorphism

Answer

Deposition

Answer

Freezing

Answer

Weathering

Question 13

What is weathering vs. erosion?

Accepted Answer

Weathering breaks rock; erosion moves it

Answer

Neither affect rocks

Answer

Both break rocks only

Answer

Both move rock pieces

Question 14

What is deposition?

Accepted Answer

Sediments being laid down

Answer

Sediments breaking apart

Answer

Sediments melting

Answer

Sediments evaporating

Question 15

What is lithification?

Accepted Answer

Turning sediments into rock

Answer

Breaking rocks apart

Answer

Evaporating minerals

Answer

Heating rocks to melt

Question 16

What is luster?

Accepted Answer

How light reflects off a mineral

Answer

Mineral density

Answer

Mineral shape

Answer

Mineral flexibility

Question 17

What does a streak test measure?

Accepted Answer

Color of a mineral in powdered form

Answer

Mineral size

Answer

Mineral magnetism

Answer

Mineral shininess

Question 18

What does hardness of a mineral measure?

Accepted Answer

Resistance to scratching

Answer

Resistance to breaking

Answer

Resistance to melting

Answer

Resistance to dissolving

Question 19

What are the layers of the atmosphere?

Accepted Answer

Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, Exosphere

Answer

Ion layer, Sun layer, Moon layer, Cloud layer, Star layer

Answer

Crust, Mantle, Core, Lithosphere, Asthenosphere

Answer

Ozone layer, Weather layer, Heat layer, Cold layer, Space layer

Question 20

Which layer contains the ozone layer?

Accepted Answer

Stratosphere

Answer

Exosphere

Answer

Troposphere

Answer

Mesosphere

Question 21

In which layer does weather occur?

Accepted Answer

Troposphere

Answer

Exosphere

Answer

Thermosphere

Answer

Mesosphere

Question 22

What is conduction?

Accepted Answer

Heat transfer through direct contact

Answer

Air pressure change

Answer

Heat transfer through fluids

Answer

Energy from waves

Question 23

What is convection?

Accepted Answer

Heat transfer by fluid movement

Answer

Sunlight energy transfer

Answer

Heat transfer through solids

Answer

Gravity‑driven heat

Question 24

What is radiation?

Accepted Answer

Energy transfer through electromagnetic waves

Answer

Energy from friction

Answer

Heat transfer by contact

Answer

Heat transfer by moving air

Question 25

What is air pressure?

Accepted Answer

Force of air’s weight above a point

Answer

Amount of sunlight

Answer

Temperature of the air

Answer

Speed of the wind

Question 26

Why does air pressure decrease with altitude?

Accepted Answer

Less air above you

Answer

More clouds higher up

Answer

More sunlight at altitude

Answer

More moisture at high elevations

Question 27

What happens when air rises in a low‑pressure area?

Accepted Answer

It expands and cools

Answer

It evaporates instantly

Answer

It becomes heavier

Answer

It sinks and warms

Question 28

Why do clouds form when warm air rises?

Accepted Answer

Warm air cools and water vapor condenses

Answer

Air pressure increases

Answer

Warm air melts ice

Answer

Sunlight condenses vapor

Question 29

What are condensation nuclei?

Accepted Answer

Particles water vapor condenses on

Answer

Electric particles in clouds

Answer

Tiny raindrops before falling

Answer

Frozen droplets floating in air

Question 30

What determines rain vs. snow?

Accepted Answer

Temperature of the atmosphere

Answer

Air pressure

Answer

Amount of sunlight

Answer

Wind speed

Question 31

What is a front?

Accepted Answer

Boundary between two air masses

Answer

Part of Earth’s core

Answer

A layer of the atmosphere

Answer

A type of precipitation

Question 32

How does air pressure create wind?

Accepted Answer

Air moves from high pressure to low pressure

Answer

Air moves from low pressure to high

Answer

Wind forms only from storms

Answer

Wind forms from sunlight

Question 33

What are jet streams?

Accepted Answer

Fast upper‑air currents that steer weather

Answer

Winds near Earth’s surface

Answer

Large ocean currents

Answer

Air currents formed only during storms

Question 34

What weather occurs in high vs. low pressure?

Accepted Answer

High = clear; low = cloudy/precipitation

Answer

High = windy; low = calm

Answer

High = stormy; low = clear

Answer

High = snowy; low = hot

Question 35

What front brings thunderstorms?

Accepted Answer

Cold front

Answer

Warm front

Answer

Stationary front

Answer

Occluded front

Question 36

How long for Earth to rotate once?

Accepted Answer

24 hours

Answer

7 days

Answer

48 hours

Answer

12 hours

Question 37

How long for Earth to revolve once?

Accepted Answer

365.25 days

Answer

730 days

Answer

30 days

Answer

100 days

Question 38

What causes tides?

Accepted Answer

Gravity of Moon and Sun

Answer

Wind blowing over water

Answer

Earth’s rotation

Answer

Underwater volcanoes

Question 39

What is an equinox?

Accepted Answer

Equal day and night

Answer

Full moon alignment

Answer

Shortest night

Answer

Longest day

Question 40

What is a solstice?

Accepted Answer

Longest or shortest day

Answer

Planet alignment

Answer

Sun eclipse

Answer

Equal day/night

Question 41

What is the umbra vs. penumbra?

Accepted Answer

Umbra = full shadow; penumbra = partial shadow

Answer

Umbra = partial; penumbra = full

Answer

Neither cast shadows

Answer

Both are full shadows

Question 42

What is a solar eclipse?

Accepted Answer

Moon blocks sunlight from Earth

Answer

Clouds block sunlight

Answer

Sun blocks Moon’s light

Answer

Earth blocks sunlight from Moon

Question 43

What is a lunar eclipse?

Accepted Answer

Earth’s shadow on the Moon

Answer

Moon blocks stars

Answer

Sun blocks Earth

Answer

Moon’s shadow on Earth

Question 44

What is a galaxy?

Accepted Answer

System of stars/gas/dust

Answer

A single star

Answer

A type of planet

Answer

A cloud of air molecules

Question 45

What is a light‑year?

Accepted Answer

Distance light travels in a year

Answer

Time light travels in a day

Answer

Speed of a star

Answer

Brightness measure

Question 46

What is luminosity?

Accepted Answer

Energy a star emits

Answer

Distance from Earth

Answer

Star size

Answer

Star color

Question 47

What is magnitude?

Accepted Answer

Brightness measure

Answer

Star motion

Answer

Star temperature

Answer

Star age

Question 48

Main sequence, red giant, supernova?

Accepted Answer

Stable hydrogen burning; expanded star; stellar explosion

Answer

Moon phases

Answer

Rock cycle stages

Answer

Planet formation steps

Question 49

What is the Big Bang Theory?

Accepted Answer

Universe began expanding from a singularity

Answer

Galaxies collide repeatedly

Answer

Earth formed from a giant explosion only

Answer

Stars explode to form planets

Question 50

Redshift vs. blueshift?

Accepted Answer

Red = away; blue = toward

Answer

Red = toward; blue = away

Answer

Both mean moving toward

Answer

Both mean moving away

Question 51

What does the H‑R diagram show?

Accepted Answer

Temperature vs. luminosity

Answer

Moon phases vs. time

Answer

Planet size vs. distance

Answer

Galaxy type vs. brightness

Question 52

Who supported the geocentric model?

Accepted Answer

Ptolemy

Answer

Galileo

Answer

Newton

Answer

Copernicus

Question 53

Who supported the heliocentric model?

Accepted Answer

Copernicus

Answer

Ptolemy

Answer

Aristotle

Answer

Hipparchus

Question 54

What is an orbit?

Accepted Answer

Curved path due to gravity

Answer

Straight path between planets

Answer

Light traveling in space

Answer

Movement caused by wind

Question 55

Rotation vs. revolution?

Accepted Answer

Rotation = spin; revolution = orbit

Answer

Both mean orbiting

Answer

Rotation = orbit; revolution = spin

Answer

Both mean spinning

Question 56

What does Earth’s tilt cause?

Accepted Answer

Seasons

Answer

Day and night

Answer

Gravity

Answer

Tides

Question 57

Earth’s axial tilt?

Accepted Answer

23.5°

Answer

5°

Answer

45°

Answer

10°

Question 58

How does distance from Sun affect temperature?

Accepted Answer

Farther = cooler

Answer

Planets heat each other

Answer

No effect

Answer

Farther = hotter

Question 59

What is Kepler’s Third Law?

Accepted Answer

Distance related to orbital period

Answer

Planets rotate at same speed

Answer

Stars orbit planets

Answer

Moons orbit randomly

Question 60

Astro‑ means:

Accepted Answer

Star or space

Answer

Rock

Answer

Earth

Answer

Heat

Question 61

Geo‑ means:

Accepted Answer

Earth

Answer

Air

Answer

Light

Answer

Star

Question 62

Thermo‑ means:

Accepted Answer

Heat

Answer

Rock

Answer

Wind

Answer

Water

Question 63

Litho‑ means:

Accepted Answer

Rock

Answer

Sun

Answer

Star

Answer

Air

Question 64

Atmos‑ means:

Accepted Answer

Air

Answer

Rock

Answer

Heat

Answer

Water

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