An instrument for determining the positions and movements of heavenly bodies that aided explorers at sea.

Spanish explorer-conquerors of the Americas like Cortez and Pizarro.

Trading corporation for Netherlands - controlled markets and resources of colonies.

Another name for the Indies.

Brutal voyage that brought enslaved Africans to the West Indies and later to North America.

A system in which goods and slaves were traded among the Americas, Britain, and Africa

The global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas.

The theory that a country should sell more goods to other countries than it imports.

Refers to Europe, Africa, and Asia during the Age of Exploration.

Term Europeans used for the Americas and Western Hemisphere

Treaty between Spain and Portugal dividing newly discovered lands between them.

Who was a Portuguese Prince who established a school of navigation and financed exploration voyages that started off the Age of Exploration?

He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to Asia.

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.

A group of people in one place who are ruled by a parent country elsewhere.

French colony in North America, with a capital in Quebec, founded 1608. New France fell to the British in 1763.

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

A good or service produced in the home country and sold in another country.

bring (goods or services) into a country from abroad for sale.

difference between how much a country imports and how much it exports

A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country.

A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians.

Also known as Mexica, they created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax.

Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco.

Aztec emperor defeated and killed by the Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortes.

For Spain. led a small army in an invasion of the Inca Empire. He conquered the Inca and gained huge amounts of gold and silver for himself and Spain.

Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish.

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

This was the first person to lead an expedition that circumnavigated the world

An Italian navigator who sailed for England in 1497 and headed toward the Americas landing in Newfoundland

Southern tip of Africa; first circumnavigated in 1488 by Portuguese in search of direct route to India.

King and Queen of Spain - help unify Spain and support and encourage Spanish exploration.

Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean.

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.

Claimed Brazil for Portugal n 1500. He had intended to follow Da Gama but was blown off course.

A mapmaker and explorer who said that America was a new continent, so America was named after him.

Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.

Disease spread by Europeans in the Americas. Led to the deaths of millions of Native Americans in North and South America

Disease originating in the Americas that was transmitted back to Europeans after 1492

An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York and called it New Netherland. He also had the Hudson Bay and Straight named for him

French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635)

the first permanent English settlement, founded in 1607 by the Virginia Company for economic reasons

Name given to the spread of African peoples and culture across the Atlantic via the slave trade.

The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another

Animal introduced by Europeans that transformed the Native American way of life in the Great Plains

The country of origin of settlers or colonists in a place.

Spanish explorer who discovered the Pacific Ocean (1475-1519)

French explorer who discovered the st. lawrence river, and gave france its claim to canada

Associated with wealth, status, and power.

A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry.

Term commonly used for people of mixed African and European blood.

term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples.

Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class.