study of life

organic molecule that stores and transmits genetic information

process of combining genetic information from two parents or process of creating identical offspring from one parent

the ability to maintain a constant internal enviornment

the breaking down of and use of energy

change over time

the basic unit of life

group of similar cells that perform a specific function

groups of tissues that work together to perform a specific function

group of organs that work together to perform a specific function

genetic material inherited from parents.

enzyme involved in DNA replication.

copying DNA before cell division.

DNA bonds can only form between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine.

made up of 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

smallest living unit of life

all living things are made of cells, cells come from other cells, cell is the smallest living thing

aids in animal cell division

holds everything in the cell outside of the nucleus and inside the membrane

framework that supports cell structure

folded organelle that has two types, smooth and rough; used in transport and protein synthesis

cells with nuculei

organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages

breaks down material in the cell

organelle that stores genetic mateiral

specialized structures inside cells

flexible layer outside of the cell

cells that lack a nuculeus

organelles that build proteins

organelle that acts as cellular storage

converts glucose into usable energy

term used to refer to chromosomes in which one set comes from the male parent and one set comes from the female parent

term used to refer to a cell that contains two sets of homologous chromosomes

term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of genes

process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell

structure containing four chromatids that forms during meiosis

process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis

fertilized egg

sex cell

one of Mendel's principles that states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes

separation of alleles during gamete formation

separates homologous chromosomes, makes 2 haploid cells

separates sister chromatids so only one copy of each gene in each gamete, 4 unique haploid cells

movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to low concentration

movement of molecules from high to low concentration through a protein channel

equal concentration of solute on either side of gradient

above strength solution (more solute/less water), cell shrivels

below strength solution (less solute/more water), cell swells

diffusion of water molecules

structure of plasma membrane

cell membrane allows some things in/out but not others

smallest living unit of life

all living things are made of cells, cells come from other cells, cell is the smallest living thing

cells with nuculei

organelle that stores genetic mateiral

specialized structures inside cells

flexible layer outside of the cell

cells that lack a nuculeus

Compound used by cells to store and release energy.

An organism that is able to capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer.

An organism that contains food by consuming other living things; also called a consumer.

Process used by plants and other autotrophs to capture light energy and use it to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy rich carbohydrates such as sugars and starches.

Principle pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms.

Set of reactions in photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH.

Set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light; energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high energy compounds such as sugar; also called the Calvin Cycle.

breakdown of glucose into ATP

requires oxygen

does not require oxygen

break down of glucose, ALWAYS start of respiration

molecule that carries high energy electrons

aerobic process that releases CO2 and charges electron carriers

aerobic process that uses electrons from Kreb's cycle to make 32 ATP

anaerobic process that follows glycolysis and produces lactic acid or alcohol

genetic material inherited from parents.

enzyme involved in DNA replication.

made up of 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

Carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from the DNA to the rest of the cell.

carries each amino acid to a ribosome during protein synthesis.

Combines with proteins to form ribosomes.

group of three nucleotide bases in mRNA that specify a particular amino acid to be incorporated into a protein.

Group of three bases on tRNA molecule that are complementary to the three bases of a codon on mRNA.

Synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template.

Synthesis of amino acid sequence by the decoding of a mRNA molecule with the help of a ribosome and tRNA

process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells

centrioles move away from each other pushed towards separate ends, Nuclear membrane disintegrates, chromatin condenses to chromosomes

chromosomes align themselves along the center of the cells.

centromeres break, sister chromatids move towards poles

cell finishes dividing, chromosomes lengthen and become thinner, nuclear membrane reappears, cytoplasm gets divided up evenly

cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases

division of the cytoplasm during cell division

series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide

division of the Nucleus

structure in a cells nucleus that contains hereditary material

longest phase of mitosis... preperation

because inside grows faster than outside, causes problems in exchanging materials as cells grow

cell growth

DNA replication

preperation for mitosis