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Q 1/204
Score 0
The brain and spinal cord.
30
central nervous system
Q 2/204
Score 0
Portions of the nervous system that lies outside of the brain and spinal cord.
30
peripheral nervous system
204 questions
Q.
The brain and spinal cord.
1
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Portions of the nervous system that lies outside of the brain and spinal cord.
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Cell of the nervous system specialized to generate and transmit nerve impulses.
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A neuron within the central nervous system located between two other neurons.
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Region of a nerve cell that includes the nucleus and most of the cytoplasmic mass, and from which the dendrites and axons extend.
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An extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the nerve cell body.
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In an excitable cell such as a nerve or muscle, the membrane voltage that must be reached to trigger an action potential, or nerve impulse.
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Fatty insulating sheath that surrounds the neuron axons of some types of neurons
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Neuron that is covered by a myelin sheath.
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A chemical released by a neuron that may stimulate or inhibit other neurons or effector cells.
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Cablelike bundle of many neuron axons, all wrapped together in a protective connective tissue sheath
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One of the 12 pairs of peripheral nerves that originate in the brain.
12
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Any one of the 31 paired nerves that arise from the spinal cord
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An involuntary muscle response that is mediated at the level of the spinal cord, with little or no involvement of the brain.
14
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Plasmalike fluid that fills the cavities of the CNS and surrounds the CNS externally, protects the brain and spinal cord.
15
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The portion of the central nervous system that lies outside the brain, extending from the base of the brain to about the second lumbar vertebra, provides a conduction pathway to and from the brain.
16
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Organ of the central nervous system that receives, stores, and integrates information from throughout the body and coordinates the body's responses.
17
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Brain region most involved in producing smooth, coordinated skeletal muscle activity.
18
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Region of the brain stem that is a coordinate center for reflex responses to visual and auditory stimuli.
19
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Anterior portion of the brain that includes the cerebrum, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus
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The cerebral hemispheres and nerve tracts that join them together, also involves higher mental functions.
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Storage of information for later retrieval as needed.
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A sensory input that causes some change within or outside the body.
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A specialized cell or nerve ending that receives a sensory signal such as touch, smell, light, or a chemical, and ultimately generates nerve impulses in a sensory neuron.
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Understanding what a sensation means.
25
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Receptor sensitive to temperature changes.
26
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Receptor that responds to tissue damage or excessive pressure or temperature.
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Type of receptor sensitive to various chemicals.
28
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A specialized receptor cell that responds to light energy.
29
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Encapsulated receptors respond continually to ongoing pressure.
30
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A cluster of taste receptor cells and supporting cells that respond to dissolved food chemicals in the mouth.
31
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Region of the ear consisting of the pinna (visible portion) and the auditory canal.
32
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Region of the ear consisting of an air-filled chamber within the temporal bone of the skull, bridged by the malleus, incus, and stapes.
33
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Region of the ear consisting of the cochlea and the vestibular apparatus.
34
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Hair-like cells in the inner ear that help to collect vibrations from sound.
35
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A system of fluid-filled canals and chambers in the inner ear.
36
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One of the two fluid-filled chambers of the vestibule.
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One of the two fluid-filled chambers of the vestibule.
38
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The transparent anterior portion of the eyeball.
39
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A colored disk-shaped muscle that determines how much light enters the eye.
40
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Opening in the center of the iris through which light enters the eye.
41
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A transparent, flexible, curved structure that focuses incoming light on the retina at the back of the eye.
42
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Layers of tissue at the back and sides of the eye made up of photoreceptor cells, neurons, and a few blood vessels.
43
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One of the two cranial nerves that transmit nerve impulses from the retina to the brain.
44
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The area of the retina where the axons of the optic nerve exit the eye.
45
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One of the two types of photo-sensitive cells in the retina, contain rhodopsin.
46
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One of the two types of photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye, responsible for color vision.
47
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Deafness caused by damage to hair cells.
48
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A decrease in the normal transparency of a lens.
49
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A disease of visual impairment caused by detachment of the retina and degeneration of photoreceptor cells in the macular region of the retina.
50
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The inability to distinguish the full range of colors.
51
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Body system that includes all of the hormone-secreting organs and glands; involved in coordination and control of body activities.
52
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A chemical messenger molecule secreted by an endocrine gland or cell into the bloodstream that has effects on specific target cells throughout the body.
53
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Specialized epithelial tissue that secretes a product directly into a hollow organ or duct.
54
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The name for the specific cell that each hormone will individually regulate.
55
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Hormone that is structurally related to cholesterol and are lipid soluble.
56
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Hormone that is structurally related to proteins and are lipid insoluble.
57
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A hormone secreted by the pancreas that enhances the uptake of glucose by cells, thus lowering blood glucose levels.
58
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Interior portion of the adrenal gland; produces epinephrine and norepinepthrine.
59
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A hormone secreted by the pineal gland that seems to synchronize our body's daily rhythms and may induce sleep.
60
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A chemical substance taken in via the diet that is used for energy and for cell growth and reproduction.
61
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Chemical or mechanical process of breaking down foodstuffs to substances that can be absorbed.
62
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Three pairs of glands that produce saliva to begin the process of digestion, include the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands.
63
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The region of the digestive and respiratory systems that extends from behind the nasal cavities to the esophagus, also called the throat.
64
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Muscular tube extending from the throat to the stomach.
65
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Organ of the gastrointestinal tract where food is initially stored and where chemical breakdown of proteins begins.
66
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An open, sometimes bleeding sore that forms in the inner lining of the stomach, the esophagus, or the upper part of the small intestine.
67
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First part of the small intestine.
68
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Organ located behind the stomach, secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate into the small intestine and hormones insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream.
69
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Greenish-yellow or brownish fluid that is secreted by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine, used to emulsify fat.
70
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The system of blood vessels connecting the organs of the digestive tract to the liver.
71
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Portion of the digestive tract extending from the small intestine to the anus, consists of the cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, and anal canal.
72
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A small fingerlike pouch, with no known digestive function, that extends from the cecum of the large intestine.
73
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Organic compound composed primarily of CH2O groups, includes starches, sugars, and cellulose.
74
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Organic compounds formed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, includes fats, oils and cholesterols
75
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One or more polypeptide chains of more than 100 amino acids.
76
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Group of eight amino acids that the body cannot synthesize.
77
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Protein that contains all 20 of the amino acids in proportions that meet our nutritional needs.
78
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Any one of more than a dozen organic compounds that the body requires in minute amounts but generally does not synthesize.
79
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An inorganic chemical compound found in nature.
80
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Term for the material that is indigestible but beneficial in the diet.
81
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Amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water 1 degree Celsius
82
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A common disorder of digestion and absorption caused by insufficient quantities of the enzyme lactase, which digests the lactose in milk and dairy products.
83
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Weakness in the intestinal wall which may stem from a diet low in fiber.
84
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A noncancerous growth that projects from a mucous membrane, can be removed during a colonoscopy.
85
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Refers to an inflammation of the liver, generally caused by viruses or toxic substances.
86
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A crystallization that can occur in the gallbladder and may block the flow of bile during digestion, can cause intense pain during digestion
87
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Refers to conditions in which human development and function are compromised by an unbalanced or insufficient diet.
88
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A condition of weighing more than 20% above ideal body weight, may be caused by an increased sedentary lifestyle.
89
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An eating disorder characterized by abnormally low body weight and an unrealistic fear of becoming obese.
90
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Eating disorder involving episodes of binging and purging.
91
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Processes that remove wastes and excess materials from the body
92
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System consisting of the kidneys, the ureters, the bladder, and urethra
93
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Organs of the urinary system that produce urine
94
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Main nitrogen-containing waste excreted in urine
95
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Center of the kidney where urine collects after it is formed
96
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One of two tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
97
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Organ that stores urine
98
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Tube through which urine passes from the bladder to the outside of the body
99
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Structural and functional unit of the kidney consisting of the renal tubule and the blood vessels that supply it
100
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Cluster or tuft of capillaries inside the glomerular capsule in a kidney
101
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Tube after the glomerulus capsule
102
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Place where urine is deposited
103
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The movement of fluid and solutes from the renal tubules into the blood
104
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The movement of solutes from the blood into renal tubules
105
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Hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells
106
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Several techniques that attempt to take the place of kidney function in patients whose kidneys have failed by letting the patient's blood exchange waste materials with artificial fluids
107
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Male reproductive cell
108
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An ovum; a mature female gamete
109
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The male primary sex organ; produces sperm
110
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External sac of skin enclosing the testes
111
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Portion of the male reproductive system in which sperm mature; empties into the vas deferens.
112
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Duct joining the epididymis and ejaculatory duct
113
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In the male, a short duct that carries sperm from the ductus deferens and seminal fluid from the seminal vesicle to the ureter.
114
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Male sex organ of intercourse
115
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An increase in length, diameter, and stiffness of the penis that facilitates its entry into the vagina
116
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Haploid sex or germ cell.
117
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Male sex hormone produced primarily by the testes; promotes the development of secondary sexual characteristics in males
118
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A hormone that directly inhibits the secretion of FSH
119
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The two female sex organs (gonads) in which ova (eggs) are produced
120
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Female sex hormone that stimulates the development of female secondary sex characteristics, helps oocytes mature, and affects the uterine lining during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy
121
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Hormone partly responsible for preparing the uterus for the fertilized ovum
122
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Tube that leads from an ovary to the uterus, also called the Fallopian tube or uterine tube
123
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Hollow, thick-walled organ that receives, retains, and nourishes the fertilized egg
124
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Narrow lower part of the uterus which permits sperm to enter and allows the fetus to exit
125
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Outer, larger pair of fat padded skin folds which surround and enclose the labia minora
126
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A highly vascular but smaller pair of folds near the entrance to the vagina
127
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In the female, a sensitive erectile organ located in the vulva
128
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Milk-producing gland of the breast
129
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Production and secretion of milk.
130
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Pattern of changes in the ovaries which lasts about 28 days and is controlled by hormones.
131
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Monthly cycle of follicle development, ovulation, and corpus luteum formation in an ovary.
132
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Ovarian structure consisting of a developing egg surrounded by one or more layers of granulosa cells.
133
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Ejection of an immature egg (oocyte) from the ovary.
134
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A series of changes that occur in the uterus in preparation for the arrival of a fertilized egg; generally takes about 28 days.
135
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Process in which the endometrial lining disintegrates, its small blood vessels rupture, and the tissue and blood are shed through the vagina.
136
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A brief, intensely pleasureable reflex event consisting of rhythmic, involuntary muscular contractions.
137
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The expulsion of semen.
138
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The act of abstaining from intercourse
139
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Procedure for female sterilization in which each oviduct is cut and tied.
140
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Contraceptive device that is inserted into the uterus by a health care provider.
141
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A contraceptive device inserted into the vagina to cover the cervical opening.
142
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A contraceptive chemical that destroys semen.
143
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A contraceptive sheath that covers the penis and traps semen.
144
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Medications available to boost the production of developing eggs
145
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Another woman chosen to become pregnant and bear a baby for a couple in exchange for money.
146
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Sexually transmitted disease involving infection by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis.
147
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Virus that destroys helper T cells, thus depressing cell-mediated immunity
148
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A virus transmitted in blood or body fluids during unprotected sex which can cause inflammation and damage to the liver.
149
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A small build-up of flesh caused by HPV viruses around the genital area
150
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An infection in which the Candida albicans presence grows out of control in the vagina
151
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Tiny Arthropods related to spiders and crabs that live in hair but especially prefer pubic hair; move by jumping from one host to another during sexual contact
152
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One of two major periods in the cell life cycle; the growth phase in the cell cycle.
153
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The "synthesis" phase of the cell cycle in which the chromosomes of a cell are duplicated.
154
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A short period in the cell cycle in which the nucleus and then the cytoplasm of a cell divides.
155
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A nucleic acid found in all living cells.
156
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Rodlike structure of tightly coiled chromatin.
157
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Nucleic acid that contains ribose and the bases A, G, C, and U.
158
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Long nucleotide strand that complements the exact nucleotide sequence of genetically active DNA; carries the genetic message to the cytoplasm.
159
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The process by which the genetic code of mRNA is used to string together the appropriate amino acids to produce a specific protein.
160
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A change in the DNA base pair sequence of a cell.
161
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A noncoding nucleotide sequence of DNA.
162
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A nucleotide sequence of DNA that specifies a useful informational sequence.
163
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The RNA component of a ribosome.
164
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Third stage of mitosis; the two sets of daughter chromosomes move toward the poles of a cell.
165
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The number of chromosomes in a body cell (2n), twice the chromosomal number (n) of a gamete; in humans, 2n = 46
166
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Chromosomes 1 to 22; label for all chromosomes except the sex chromosomes.
167
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Half the diploid number of chromosomes; the number of chromosomes in a gamete.
168
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Process by which a cell changes in form or function.
169
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Production of identical copy or copies of a gene, a cell, or an organism.
170
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Making a copy of an entire organism either by embryo splitting or somatic cell nuclear transfer.
171
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A mass of cell derived from a single cell that began to divide at an abnormally high rate.
172
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A malignant, invasive disease in which cells become abnormal and divide uncontrollably; may spread throughout the body.
173
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A cancer tumor that remains entirely in one place.
174
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The spread of cancer from one organ or location to another not directly connected to it.
175
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A mass of cells that has metastasized to become invasive cancer.
176
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A mutated or damaged proto-oncogene that contributes to cancer.
177
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Regulatory genes that under normal conditions apply the brakes to unchecked cell growth, division, differentiation, and adhesion.
178
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A class of gene that normally is involved in DNA repair during DNA replication; may contribute to cancer because errors in DNA replication may not be corrected.
179
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Cancer-causing agent.
180
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Least common but most dangerous form of skin cancer.
181
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The use of therapeutic drugs to selectively kill cancer cells.
182
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Treatments that promote the general responsiveness of the immune system so that it can fight cancer more effectively.
183
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A small benign growth that develops from the colon lining.
184
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General term for cancers of the lymphoid tissues.
185
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The complete set of DNA in the chromosomes of a particular organism.
186
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The study of genes and their transmission from one generation to the next.
187
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Characteristics or traits that are transmitted from parents to offspring via genes.
188
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Chromosomes 1 to 22, applies to all chromosomes except the sex chromosomes.
189
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Having identical alleles at the same location (on a pair of homologous chromosomes)
190
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Having different alleles at the same location (on a pair of homologous chromosomes)
191
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A change in the DNA base pair sequence of a cell.
192
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The allele that shows up when both alleles are present.
193
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A pattern of genetic inheritance in which the heterozygous genotype results in a phenotype that is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes.
194
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Failure of sister chromatids to separate during mitosis or failure of homologous pairs to separate during meiosis; causes abnormal numbers of chromosomes in the resulting daughter cells.
195
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Occurs when a piece of chromosome breaks off and is lost.
196
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The technical application of biological knowledge for human purposes.
197
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The planned alteration of the genetic makeup of an organism by modifying, inserting, or deleting genes or groups of genes.
198
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A short double-stranded piece of DNA used to initiate DNA synthesis during DNA sequencing.
199
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An enzyme found in bacteria that can be used to cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences called restriction sites.
200
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A sequence of letters or words that reads the same backward and forward, such as the word, "racecar".
201
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A class of enzymes that join fragments of DNA together.
202
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A living organism that has had foreign genes inserted into it; sometimes created to produce substances useful to humans, including human proteins.
203
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Technique in which defective genes are repaired or replaced with their normal counterparts.