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Franse revolutie en Napoleon
Quiz by Ineke Volders
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Verlichting, Franse revolutie en achtergronden van de slavenopstandenGebruik alleen de volgende tekst om meerkeuzevragen (maximaal 4 antwoord mogelijkheden) en juist-onjuist vragen op te stellen: [ ] De Nederlandse economie Langs de rivier de Vecht staan tussen Utrecht en Amsterdam veel mooie oude huizen (afbeelding 3). Ze zijn in de 17e en 18e eeuw gebouwd voor families van rijke handelaren en regenten uit Amsterdam. Zij waren in de 17e eeuw rijk geworden en leenden hun geld nu uit tegen rente. Met de rest van de Nederlandse economie ging het slecht in de 18e eeuw. De nijverheid en handel gingen achteruit. Bedrijven maakten minder winst en er kwam steeds meer werkloosheid en armoede. De 18e eeuw staat bekend als de pruikentijd of de tijd van pruiken en revoluties. Voor aanzienlijke mannen was het dragen van een pruik toen namelijk in de mode (afbeeldingen 4 en 5). [ ] De Franse samenleving In Frankrijk bloeiden na 1700 de handel en nijverheid. In de havens kwamen schepen aan met suiker, koffie, tabak en katoen (afbeelding 5). In de steden werden burgers rijk, maar ze hadden minder rechten dan de geestelijken en de edelen. Er was veel armoede onder Franse arbeiders en boeren. Frankrijk had een standenmaatschappij. De bevolking was verdeeld in drie standen: de geestelijken vormden de eerste stand, de adel vormde de tweede stand en de rest van de bevolking vormde de derde stand. Leden van de eerste en tweede stand hadden privileges. Ze betaalden bijvoorbeeld niet of nauwelijks belasting. Alleen edelen konden de goed betaalde overheidsbanen krijgen. Het gewone volk betaalde vrijwel alle belasting. [ ] Nieuwe ideeën In westerse (West-Europese en Noord-Amerikaanse) landen was het normaal om te geloven wat bestuur ders en geestelijken zeiden. Maar in de 18e eeuw wilde een groep mensen dat niet meer. Ze vonden dat de samenleving moest veranderen. Zo ontstond het idee dat alle mensen gelijk zijn geboren. Daarom moesten ze dezelfde rechten hebben: mensenrechten, zoals de vrijheid van godsdienst. Mensen wilden ook een bestuurssysteem waarbij het volk beslist: een democCratie. Er moest een grondwet komen waarin stond hoe het land werd geregeerd en wat de grondrechten waren: de belangrijkste rechten van de burgers. Mensen wilden ook een rechtsstaat waarin iedereen zich aan de wet moest houden, ook de koning. [ ] Samenvatting . In de 18e eeuw ging de Nederlandse economie achteruit. Er was een kleine groep van rijke families. • In Frankrijk werden burgers rijk door de bloeiende handel en nijverheid. In de standenmaatschappijhadden de eerste en tweede stand (geestelijkheid en adel) privileges, De derde stand (de rest van de bevolking) betaalde de meeste belasting. •In westerse landen ontstonden nieuwe ideeën over de samenleving. Mensen wilden gelijkheid, vrijheid en een rechtsstaat met een grondwet.Franse revolutieRevolutie! (Franse revolutie)Thème 1 - La France de la Révolution française à la Ve République: l’affirmation démocratiqueFrance Where Is It? France is a country in Europe. Other countries are to the east. To the south is Spain. The Atlantic Ocean is to the north and to the west. The United Kingdom is to the north. It is across a part of the Atlantic Ocean called the English Channel. Paris is the capital city of France. It is a very famous city. Millions of tourists visit Paris every year. More than ten million people live there. People. More than sixty-six million people live in France. Most people live and work in cities. Some have jobs helping tourists who visit France. Some people live in the countryside and grow food on farms. More than half of the land in France is used for farming. Most people in France speak French. Land. France has many different kinds of land. It has hills, forests, rivers, lakes, and beaches. Most of France is covered with low plains and hills. France also has five mountain ranges. They sit between France and other countries. The highest mountains are in the Alps. History. Long ago, France was called Gaul. Other countries took over Gaul many times. The Romans took it over first, and then the Franks took it from the Romans. France got its name from the Franks. For a long time, France was ruled by powerful kings. Then the French people fought against one king. This was called the French Revolution (1789–1799). Today, France is a democracy. Celebrations People in France celebrate the beginning of the revolution on July 14. They celebrate with fireworks and parades. Food. France is known for its food. One type of food is a long, thin loaf of bread. Many meals have more than one part. A meal may have soup, salad, a main course, and fruit for dessert. Conclusion France is a beautiful country with a long history. It has rolling hills, forests, and mountains. Its food is known around the world. What do you like most about France?France was ruled by an Absolute Monarch named King Louis XVI. Everyone in France belonged to one of three social classes called estates. The clergy were the First Estate; the nobles were in the Second Estate. These two estates were very wealthy and did not have to pay taxes. The Third Estate made up most of French society. The Third Estate paid heavy taxes and had few rights. Enlightenment ideas led many French people to question the way things were done. As life grew worse in France, demands for reforms increased. In 1789, King Louis XVI called the Estates General. The Estates General was a meeting of all 3 Estates. The Third Estate made up the National Assembly after their demands were ignored by the other Estates. The National Assembly voted to write a new constitution. The Declaration of the Rights of Man was a document that said all men have natural rights and be treated equally. In 1792, radicals took control of the Assembly. Their slogan was “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”. The next year, King Louis XVI was executed by guillotine. This was the beginning of the Reign of Terror. The Reign of Terror was led by Maximilien Robespierre. Over 10,000 people were killed or jailed for not supporting the revolution. The Reign of Terror ended when Robespierre was executed. Napoleon took control in 1799. He organized a new government and put himself in charge with absolute power. Napoleon conquered most of Europe replacing monarchs with his friends and family. Napoleon’s empire began to crumble when he invaded Russia. Most of Napoleon’s army was lost during the long Russian winter. Multiple choice quiz on this reading: By 1900, the United States had claimed its place as a world power through the Spanish-American War. As the new century began, the country governed subject territories in Puerto Rico, Hawaii, Guam, the Wake Islands, and the Philippines. U.S. troops also occupied Cuba. U.S. businesses reached beyond the country's borders. During the first decade of the new century, the Coca-Cola Company, Quaker Oats, AT&T, the Standard Oil Company, Du Pont, General Electric, and Ford Motor Company seized the opportunity for international sales. After finding international markets, they built factories abroad, taking advantage of lower labor costs in foreign countries. Then they asked for U.S. protection of their investments and interests. Foreign countries invested heavily in Central America. U.S. investors focused on banana plantations and mining, as well as railroads, with little money in government bonds. By 1913, U.S. investments in Central America totaled about $93 million. British investment in Central America peaked at about $115 million in 1913. About $75 million of that total represented railroad holdings, mostly in Costa Rica and Guatemala. The other $40 million was in government bonds, which were worth little or nothing. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine From its earliest days, the United States claimed a special interest in the Western Hemisphere. The Monroe Doctrine, issued in 1823, warned European powers to keep their hands off Latin America. In 1902, Britain, Germany, and Italy mounted a naval blockade of Venezuela. They wanted to force the government to repay its debts. All the countries involved eventually agreed to settle the matter by arbitration. The United States stood back and did nothing, but U.S. citizens were clearly uneasy with the appearance of European military forces in "their" hemisphere. In 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt issued a corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, saying that the United States would act as a police officer to keep order in the region. He intended both to keep European military forces out of the hemisphere and to protect U.S. and European investors, exerting whatever pressure or control on Latin American governments that might be necessary to these ends. In 1905, the Dominican Republic owed $40 million in debts to European lenders. In order to prevent the European nations from using military force to collect their debts, Roosevelt used U.S. power. The United States basically took over collection of Dominican customs taxes, declared that $20 million of the debt was unjustified, and began repayment of the rest. Building a Canal The United States needed a canal through Central America, in order to save shipping time and costs. Colombia had the best location for a canal, and the United States negotiated a deal. It would pay Colombia $10 million for a three-mile-wide strip of land and would make annual rental payments of $250,000 yearly, beginning in 1912. Colombia's Senate turned down the deal, and Roosevelt exploded in rage, calling its members "foolish and homicidal corruptionists." Roosevelt considered seizing the land for the canal by military force but soon found an easier way. The province of Panama seceded from Colombia. A U.S. gunship stood off shore, protecting the Panamanian rebels. They formed a new republic under the protection of the United States. The new country of Panama and the United States agreed on a canal treaty within days. The new treaty had similar terms except that the Canal Zone would be five miles wide, instead of three, and the United States would guarantee and maintain the independence of Panama. Revolutions While Roosevelt welcomed the revolution that separated Panama from Colombia, he opposed most other revolutionary activity. So did his successors in office, William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson. The U.S. presidents sent troops to put down revolutions in Nicaragua and Haiti, using U.S. military forces to set up new governments in those countries and maintaining military occupations for years. U.S. military interventions were frequent throughout the hemisphere. Dollar Diplomacy President Taft preferred using "dollar diplomacy" to control Latin American countries. In Honduras, for example, U.S.-based banana companies virtually ran the government. Taft supported expanded U.S. investment in South and Central American countries, the Caribbean, and the Far East. He ordered Secretary of State Philander Chase Knox to protect U.S. investments, sending in military troops if necessary. On the World Stage As a world power, the United States did not limit its involvement to the Western Hemisphere. In 1905, President Roosevelt brought Russia and Japan to the negotiating table to end their war over control of Korea and Manchuria. Roosevelt agreed to Japanese annexation of Korea in return for Japan giving up any claim to China, Hawaii, and the Philippines. Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for settling this dispute. In 1906, Roosevelt's negotiating powers were tested again. This time, he mediated a dispute between the Alliance powers—Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy—with the Entente—France, Russia, and Britain—over control of Morocco. The United States backed France and ended the dispute. No longer an upstart, the United States had taken its place as a world power alongside its former colonial ruler.