explains how genetic information flows within a biological system. 

Central Dogma, proposed in 1957 and published in 1958, describes the one-way, sequential transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein

Core concept of central dogma

is the genetic material found in the nucleus of cells.It contains genes, which are instructions for making proteins.

has a double-helix structure and is made of nucleotides.

●Stores genetic information

●Serves as a template for replication and transcription

is the fundamental biological process where cells build proteins, essential for structure and function, following instructions from DNA in two main steps: transcription, where DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA), and translation, 

is the process by which DNA makes an exact copy of itself.This occurs before cell division.It ensures that each new cell receives the same genetic information.

has uracil instead of thymine.

is the process of copying genetic information from DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA).It takes place in the nucleus.RNA polymerase is the enzyme involved in this process.

RNA polymerase binds to a specific region of DNA called the promoter.The DNA strands unwind and separate.Transcription begins at the start site of the gene.

RNA polymerase moves along the DNA template strand.Complementary RNA nucleotides are added to form an mRNA strand.

RNA polymerase reaches a termination signal on the DNA.The newly formed mRNA is released.RNA polymerase detaches, and the DNA strands rejoin.

is the process of converting mRNA into a protein.It occurs in the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.Amino acids are assembled in the correct order to form a protein.

are the fundamental building blocks of proteins, acting like letters that link together in specific sequences to form complex protein chains (polypeptides)

A sequence of three consecutive nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule that codes for a specific amino acid.

Darwin visited  Islands on HMS Beagle

more individuals born than can survive

changes build up and the species changes over time

physical structure that helps organism survive

chemical that helps organism survive

behavior that helps organism survive

Allows an organism to blend with its environment

bright colors make an organism easily recognized

one species is protected by resembling another species or part of an organism

if one part of a population is separated or isolated from another, speciation is more likely

Branch of biology that names and groups organisms according to their

CHARACTERISTICS

EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY

a Swedish botanist, is the father of modern taxonomy for developing the hierarchical classification system and formalizing binomial nomenclature.

The first person to group or classify organisms was the Greek teacher & philosopher

Linnaeus Devised a new classification system based on

L Linnaeus's system 

may have similar structure & function but different embryological origin

Animals whose embryos develop in a similar pattern may be related

based on multiple kinds of evidence Shows evolutionary relationships based on: Morphology Fossil records Embryology Chromosomes Macromolecules (DNA & Proteins)

Monera, Animalia, Fungi, Protista, and plantae.

When writing scientific names, the genus name should always be