Loading...
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 - REVIEWER
Quiz by Morning Heart Pasamonte
Tag the questions with any skills you have. Your dashboard will track each student's mastery of each skill.
About two trillion cells are produced
by the adults human body each day.
That is per second.
Cell division is also known as
is a basic process in all living organisms involving separation of the genetic material.
a 19th century professor at the Institute for Anatomy in Kiel, Germany, was the first to document the details of cellular division.
In single-celled organisms, like bacteria, cell division (through ) is the primary method of reproduction, creating identical copies of the parent cell.
Binary fission is the of reproduction in bacteria, where a single parent cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells
In multicellular organisms, a specific type of cell division called produces gametes (sperm and egg cells) necessary for sexual reproduction.
are thread-like structures found in the nucleus of cells that carry genetic information
In humans, each body cell has (23 pairs). One set comes from the mother, and the other set comes from the father.
Numbers of chromosomes of cow
number of chromosomes of fruit fly
number of chromosomes of banana
number of chromosomes of chicken
number of chromosomes of chimpanzee
number of chromosomes of human
Parts of chromosomes
are a pair of chromosomes in the 23rd pair of human chromosomes that determine an individual's sex.
XX
XY
is a reproductive cell of an animal or plant. In animals, female gametes are called ova or egg cells, and male gametes are called sperm
Somatic cells are , meaning they contain two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.
They are responsible for all bodily functions, from building tissues and organs like bones, muscles, and nerves to maintaining cellular health through processes like mitosis.
cells contain two complete sets of chromosomes, with one set inherited from each parent
cells contain only one set of chromosomes
It could be found in almost all cells
It contained phosphorus in the form of phosphate.
purines
pyrimidines
are the fundamental building blocks of nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA
Adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) are the four nucleotide bases that form the " " of the DNA ladder.
enzymes separate or unzip the two strands (breaks the H bonds)
the two unwound strands each become a template for the new strands to be built
the new nucleotides are paired and inserted
enzymes “proofread the new strands and seals the base pair
A permanent change, a structural alteration in the dna
Such as radiation and mutagenic chemicals
Fault in the replication of the gene or chromosome resulting in a modified gene or altered chromosome
or (achondroplasia) is most often caused by genetic changes (mutations) that affect bone and cartilage growth, known as skeletal dysplasia, or by growth hormone deficiency.
is the process by which a single cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells. It is a type of asexual cell division that ensures each new cell has the same number and type of chromosomes as the original cell.
Before mitosis begins, a cell undergoes , a preparatory period that includes cell growth (G1 and G2 phases) and, crucially, DNA replication (S phase)
The cell grows in size.It makes proteins and organelles needed for cell activities.
The cell copies (replicates) its DNA so each new cell will get a complete set of chromosomes.
The cell checks the duplicated DNA for errors.It produces spindle fiber proteins and gets ready for division.
The chromosomes condense into X-shaped structure that can be easily seen under a microscope.
Each chromosome is composed of two sister chromatids containing identical genetic information.
End of prophase the membrane around the nucleus in the cell dissolves away releasing the chromosomes
The mitotic spindle, consisting of the microtubules and other proteins, extends across the cell between the centrioles as they move to opposite poles of the cell.
The spindle has captured all the chromosomes and lined them up at the middle of the cell, ready to divide.
All the chromosomes align at the metaphase plate (not a physical structure, just a term for the plane where the chromosomes line up).
At this stage, the two kinetochores of each chromosome should be attached to microtubules from opposite spindle poles.
The sister chromatids are then pulled apart by the mitotic spindle which pulls one chromatid to one pole and the other chromatid to the opposite pole.
At each pole of the cell a full set of chromosomes gather together.
A membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to create two new nuclei.
The cell division will not be completed until the entire cytoplasm divides. In this stage involves splitting the cytoplasm into two cells and completes the entire stage of the cell cycle.
is a process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information. These cells are our sex cells – sperm in males, eggs in females.
are highly specialized cells that form gametes, and they are the only cells within an organism that contribute genes to offspring.
are the parent cells that produce sperm or eggs through meiosis
is characterized by the breaking down of nuclear envelope. Spindle fibers begin to assemble. Duplicated chromosomes condense, while the homologous chromosomes pair and line up by gene precisely in its entire length. Synapsis in meiosis is the precise, gene-by-gene pairing of homologous chromosomes during , forming a bivalent (or tetrad) which allows for genetic exchange through crossing-over
are pairs of chromosomes in a diploid organism (one set from the mother and one set from the father) that:Have the same size, shape, and structure.
is the genetic exchange between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis. This process creates new combinations of genes (recombinant chromosomes) on the non-sister chromatids ng over of chromosomes
The pair of homologous chromosomes are randomly moved by the spindle fiber to the equator of the cell.
Homologous chromosomes separate from each other. As in mitosis, chromosomes of each pair are pulled to the opposite sides of the cell by the action of spindle fibers.
The individual chromosomes that have been pulled in opposite directions now gather at each pole. Both poles contain one chromosome from each pair of the homologous chromosomes.
New spindle forms around the chromosome. The nuclear envelope breaks down with chromosomes pulled at opposite sides of the cell by the spindle fibers.
Chromosomes line up along equator through the spindle fiber. At this stage, each chromosome has sister chromatids are individually pulled apart, then move to opposite poles of the cell.
Centrosomes divide and sister chromatids are individually pulled apart, then move opposite poles of the cell.
Nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes at opposite ends of the cell. The spindle fiber breaks down and the cell undergoes cytokinesis.
The result of meiosis is four haploid cells with a recombination of the chromosomes both from the mother and father.
The in cellular life cycle – Interphase (Gap 1, Synthesis, Gap 2) and Cell division
Since they cannot see anything when the cell is not dividing, as if it is at rest, they called this
is the growth period in the cell cycle and is divided into three parts.
an intestinal cell performs its primary function to absorb nutrients, while a red blood cells shuttles oxygen to the rest of the body.
During this phase, cells is also increase their size, as their organelles increase in number.
During this stage, the cells spends considerable amount of time and energy to make copies of its chromosome. Each chromosome contains one DNA molecule that is copied with enough accuracy through DNA replication.
During replication, the two strands of each DNA molecule “unzip” and separate. Once this process is complete, the cell continues to grow then prepares for cell division.
This stage contains a critical checkpoint before transitioning to the next stage. The cells make sure that everything is in order, including growing to its correct size and duplicating DNA without damage.
involves the division of the nucleus and the genetic material. Scientist divide into four parts- prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
During this stage, the hereditary material of the parent cell is given to the daughter cells. This leads to the formation of two daughter cells containing the identical genetic materials.