Question 1

A six-year gap exists between the events described in Text 1, which occurred in 1939, and the events in Texts 2–6, which occurred in July 1945. To understand Texts 2–6, which two events can the reader conclude took place during this gap?

Accepted Answer

Truman replaced Roosevelt as president of the United States

Answer

The United States trained soldiers on using new weapons.

Answer

Einstein assumed a lead role in developing the atomic bomb.

Answer

Roosevelt convinced Truman of the importance of the Manhattan Project.

Question 2

Part A: According to Text 1, what are two reasons President Roosevelt initially hesitated to commit the United States to researching atomic power?

Accepted Answer

He thought such a project would be expensive.

Answer

He felt the United States was already well equipped for war.

Answer

He did not want to upset the relationship between the United States and the USSR

Answer

He feared it would take years to develop an atomic weapon.

Question 3

Part B: According to Text 1, what ultimately convinced Roosevelt of the value of atomic research?

Accepted Answer

Meeting with his friend and advisor Alexander Sachs

Answer

Realizing that Germany possessed more weapons than the U.S

Answer

Receiving a letter from esteemed scientist Albert Einstein

Answer

Doing his own reading on recent findings in nuclear physics

Question 4

Part A: Which statement best describes the author’s main purpose in Text 1?

Accepted Answer

To analyze the events and thought processes behind a historic decision

Answer

To suggest that presidential choices can have unforeseen consequences

Answer

To show appreciation of those who ensured America’s victory in World War II

Answer

To provide little-known details about the Manhattan Project

Question 5

Part B: How does paragraph 2 best help develop and refine the author’s ideas?

Accepted Answer

Paragraph 2 helps the reader understand the events that led to the meeting between Sach and Roosevelt, discussed in paragraph 1.

Answer

Paragraph 2 further explains to the reader the role Sach played in getting Einstein’s letter to Roosevelt, discussed in paragraph 1

Answer

Paragraph 2 reveals to the reader that the letter discussed in paragraph 1 was actually the work of a scientist other than Einstein.

Answer

Paragraph 2 describes the many scientists who worked together to bring the threat of nuclear warfare to Roosevelt’s attention, as discussed in paragraph 1.

Question 6

Part A: Based on paragraph 2 of Text 2, what is the meaning of the word tactic?

Accepted Answer

deliberate action

Answer

ultimate plan

Answer

impulsive decision

Answer

detailed process

Question 7

Part B: The author’s use of the word tactic reinforces the central idea of Text 2 by emphasizing—

Accepted Answer

that Truman believed he needed to carefully consider what information to share and when to do so.

Answer

that the United States suddenly possessed and planned to use an extremely dangerous weapon.

Answer

the strength of Truman’s personality, which allowed him to overcome the objections of others.

Answer

the enormous amount of research needed to ensure that the Manhattan Project would be a success.

Question 8

The following paragraphs from Text 6 contain some underlined phrases. Which of the following underlined phrases help create a negative or critical tone toward the United States?

Accepted Answer

"achieving its Imperialist goals"

Answer

"closely observing his reaction"

Answer

"amply corroborated"

Answer

"failed to fathom the significance"

Question 9

Part A: What is the main purpose of Texts 3 and 4?

Accepted Answer

To establish that Stalin was duly informed of the United States’ new weapon and supported its potential use

Answer

To justify to British and American citizens their governments’ decision to tell Stalin about the new weapon

Answer

To acknowledge that the United States was ignorant as to whether the Soviets were working on their own atomic bomb

Answer

To suggest that the United States was fully prepared to share more information with Stalin if he had asked

Question 10

Part B: Which sentence best explains how each author’s word choice reveals the correct answer to Part A?

Accepted Answer

Each man emphasizes the informal nature of the conversation with Stalin, Truman using words like “casually mentioned,” and Churchill describing it as the ”momentous talk.”*

Answer

Each man focuses on the results of the conversation, Truman using words like “glad to hear it,” and Churchill describes Stalin’s reaction as “gay and genial.”

Answer

Each man highlights Stalin’s lack of prior knowledge about the bomb, Truman using words like “no special interest,” and Churchill describing Stalin as having “no special knowledge.”

Answer

Each man accentuates the brief nature of the conversation, Truman nothing that “all he said,” was one line, while Churchill says that the talk “soon came to an end.”

Question 11

Part A: Which assumption do Churchill and Eden make in Texts 4 and 5?

Accepted Answer

The Soviets lacked understanding of or involvement in the field of nuclear science.

Answer

The United States would gladly share nuclear information with the Soviets after bombing Japan.

Answer

Truman should have given Stalin more information.

Answer

Stalin was delighted to learn that the United States had a powerful new weapon.

Question 12

Part B: Which sentence from Text 4 supports the assumption that the Soviets lacked understanding of or involvement in the field of nuclear science?

Accepted Answer

“Evidently in his immense toils and stresses the atomic bomb had played no part”

Answer

"What was vital to measure was its effect on Stalin."

Answer

"He seemed to be delighted. A new bomb!"

Answer

"But his face remained gay and genial and the talk between these two potentates soon came to an end."

Question 13

Part B: Which sentence from Text 5 supports the assumption that the Soviets lacked understanding of or involvement in the field of nuclear science?

Accepted Answer

“If we did tell him would he ask for the know-how at once?”

Answer

"the United States and Britain would have to refuse the secret information"

Answer

"There were embarrassments every way"

Answer

"some doubts whether Stalin had taken it in"

Question 14

Which point is agreed upon by all four firsthand accounts of Truman’s conversation with Stalin (Texts 3–6)?

Accepted Answer

Stalin made a very limited response to Truman’s announcement.

Answer

Truman indicated that the United States planned to use its new weapon.

Answer

Stalin urged Truman to use the new weapon against the Japanese.

Answer

At the time, Stalin did not fully comprehend what Truman was telling him.

Question 15

Which of the text(s) (Text 1–6) support the claims that the United States mentioned the new weapon to Stalin because they were allies in the war?

Accepted Answer

Text 2 and 5

Answer

Text 1 and 2

Answer

Text 2

Answer

Text 3 and 5

Question 16

Which of the text(s) (Text 1–6) support the claims that Truman withheld from Stalin the true name of the new weapon?

Accepted Answer

Text 2, 3 and 6

Answer

Text 4 and 5

Answer

Text 2 and 3

Answer

Text 4

Question 17

Which of the text(s) (Text 1–6) support the claims that Stalin immediately understood that the United States had an atomic bomb?

Accepted Answer

Text 6

Answer

Text 2 and 4

Answer

Text 1 and 6

Answer

Text 5 and 6

Question 18

Based on information in the series of texts, what are two reasons the Americans and the British leaders thought it best to tell Stalin the result of the Manhattan Project?

Accepted Answer

They believed that the USSR would be less able to make demands of the United States if the United States did it the courtesy of acknowledging the existence of the bomb.

Answer

They hoped to control Stalin and the USSR by establishing the fact that the United States had a powerful new weapon and was willing to use it.

Answer

They were divided on the issue of whether to use the bomb against the Japanese and wanted to see where the USSR stood on the matter.

Answer

They had suspicions that the USSR was working on its own nuclear bomb and needed a way to confront Stalin about it.

Question 19

Which of these conclusions can be drawn after synthesizing the information in Texts 1-6?

Accepted Answer

Although the USSR was an ally of the United States and Britain, relations were strained and mistrustful.

Answer

Many experts were opposed to informing Stalin of the existence of the Manhattan Project.

Answer

The United States government viewed the Manhattan Project as an opportunity for international cooperation.

Answer

Officials of the United States knew they could not hope to win World War II without developing a powerful new weapon.

Question 20

Which sentence from the passage best supports the conclusion that the Soviets were not interested in discussing the development of nuclear weapons with America?

Accepted Answer

However, Stalin did not betray his feelings and pretended that he saw nothing special in what Truman had imparted to him (Text 6).

Answer

“Or did they make a tragic blunder?” (Text 2)

Answer

If we did tell him would he ask for the know-how at once? (Text 5)

Answer

“Einstein drafted his famous letter with the help of Hungarian émigré physicist Leo Szilard, one of a number of European scientists who had fled to the United States in the 1930s to escape Nazi and Fascist repression.” (Text 1).

Question 21

Which sentence from the passage best supports the conclusion that although the USSR was an ally of the United States and Britain, relations were strained and mistrustful?

Accepted Answer

Mr. Churchill and I had previously discussed the problem of telling Stalin and, if so, whether before the explosion of the bomb or after (Text 5)

Answer

However, Stalin did not betray his feelings and pretended that he saw nothing special in what Truman had imparted to him (Text 6).

Answer

“Einstein drafted his famous letter with the help of Hungarian émigré physicist Leo Szilard, one of a number of European scientists who had fled to the United States in the 1930s to escape Nazi and Fascist repression.” (Text 1).

Answer

“Or did they make a tragic blunder?” (Text 2)

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