3 Classifications of Fungi

3 Fungus-like Organisms

In Fungal diversity, what are the first 2 lineages where flagella may have been lost multiple times?

5 True Fungi (Mycota or Eumycota) + 1 addition

Mitosporic Fungi AKA Deuteromycota means what?

TRUE MYCOTA

With motile spores with flagella

TRUE MYCOTA

With resistant zygosporangium as its sexual stage

TRUE MYCOTA

Arbuscular mycorrhizae (symbiotic; tree-like structures)

TRUE MYCOTA

Sac fungi. It contains sexual spores that are borne internally in sacs called "asci"

Where do Ascomycota fungi store their sexual spores?

TRUE MYCOTA

AKA Club Fungi. Possesses an elaborate fruiting body called "basidiocarp"

TRUE MYCOTA Addition

Unicellular fungi that are obligate intracellular parasites

A number of its species are human pathogens like Enterocystozoan bieneusi

They form a very early-branching lineage of Eukarya

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNGI

All are eukaryotic

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNGI

Most are filamentous, some are unicellular

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNGI

Protoplasm of a hypha or cell is surrounded by a rigid cell wall. Which of the following is NOT a material for the cell wall of fungi?

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNGI

Fungi only reproduce asexually

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNGI

All fungi are chemoorganotrophic; they obtain energy from organic compounds

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNGI

All Fungi do not have chlorophyll. What characteristic makes them like so?

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNGI

As __________, fungi digest dead animal and plant materials

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNGI

As parasites of plants or animals, fungi use the same mode of nutrition but they take up nutrients from the living cells of the plants and the animals they invade

MORPHOLOGY OF FUNGI

It is the tubular filament that exhibit apical (apex/tip) growth for fungi.

MORPHOLOGY OF FUNGI

A mass of hyphae/collection of hyphae

MORPHOLOGY OF FUNGI

It is the body/soma of fungi.

TYPES OF HYPHAE

Based on Septation

TYPES OF HYPHAE

Based on Function

OTHER STRUCTURES OF FUNGI

It is the outgrowth of somatic hypha in parasitic fungi. (Branch that grows elsewhere; for parasitic fungi only)

OTHER STRUCTURES OF FUNGI

Root-like structures  of fungi

OTHER STRUCTURES OF FUNGI

Hypha that connects two rhizoids

OTHER STRUCTURES OF FUNGI

Formed by the nematode-trapping fungi (hyphae which are adapted for trapping/killing preys)

NUTRITION OF FUNGI

They are chemoheterotrophic (both E and  C are from organic compounds)

NUTRITION OF FUNGI

Fungi are non-absorptive

NUTRITION OF FUNGI

The mode of nutrition of fungi can either be:

saprophytic (organisms feeding on dead or decaying organic matter in which hyphal tips release enzymes that cause enzymatic breakdown of substrate & products are absorbed back into the hyphae) OR ________

Nutrition of fungi wherein the products of enzymatic breakdown of substrate are absorbed back into the hyphae. To initiate enzymatic breakdown of substrate, the enzymes are released from the hyphal tips. Organisms feed on dead organic matter.

NUTRITION OF FUNGI

Growth Requirements

The carbon source of fungi (either 2)

NUTRITION OF FUNGI

Growth Requirements

Nitrogen Source of fungi are either organic or inorganic

NUTRITION OF FUNGI

Growth Requirements

Most fungi grow at 0 to 35 degrees Celsius, but the optimal temperature for their growth is approximately...

NUTRITION OF FUNGI

Growth Requirements

Optimal pH for Fungi

ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS OF FUNGI

Many fungi form symbiotic relationships with this eukaryotic kingdom

The association between fungi and algae or cyanobacteria in which these are used as biomonitors of atmospheric quality,

In the symbiotic relationship for lichens, which is the mycobiont and which is the photobiont?

What are the 6 Growth forms of lichens?

LICHEN GROWTH FORMS

A crusty Lichen on a rock

LICHEN GROWTH FORMS

Leafy lichen on a branch of a tree

LICHEN GROWTH FORMS

Wolf Lichen, Letharia vulpina. Grows like a multiple-branched tuft or leafless mini-shrub

what is the wolf lichen of fruticose?

LICHEN GROWTH FORMS

Caloplaca thallincola. Grows like a crust, and in a pattern that radiates outward from the center, so it has this growth form

LICHEN GROWTH FORMS

Lepraria incana. Grows like powder dusted on the rock.

what is the species of leprose lichen?

LICHEN GROWTH FORMS

Collema nigrescens. Without internalstructure for its parts.

Gelatinous lichen species

USES OF LICHENS

It is a source of food. Examples:

Wila (Bryoria fremontii) in North America

Iceland Moss (Cetraria islandica) in Northern Europe

Umbilicaria esculenta which is a traditional Korean and Japanese Food

USES OF LICHENS

To determine the age of exposed rock surfaces based on the size of the lichen thalli.

USES OF LICHENS

To degrade polyester resins and accumulate lead and copper.

USES OF LICHENS

Lichens can be used for the production of dyes which are utilized as antibiotics and indicators of __. 

USES OF LICHENS

Acid that is used for the suppression of tuberculosis; bioactive compound mainly found as a secondary metabolite in lichens.

USES OF LICHENS

Lichens are also used for aesthetic appeal

A unique fungi genera that has the association between plant roots and fungi. The presence of this fungi makes it so that the roots of plants are longer.

MODE OF REPRODUCTION OF FUNGI

Type of reproduction of fungi that is more important for propagation of fungal species

MODE OF REPRODUCTION OF FUNGI

Asexual Reproduction is important for propagation of species because of the following except for:

MODE OF REPRODUCTION OF FUNGI

Methods of Asexual Reproduction

The hyphae break up into their component cells that behave as spores called arthrospores.

What do you call the broken hyphae which are spores from fragmentation?

MODE OF REPRODUCTION OF FUNGI

Methods of Asexual Reproduction

The simple splitting of a cell into 2 daughter cells by constriction and formation of a cell wall. 

MODE OF REPRODUCTION OF FUNGI

Methods of Asexual Reproduction

The production of a small outgrowth from a parent cell

MODE OF REPRODUCTION OF FUNGI

Methods of Asexual Reproduction

Most common method of asexual reproduction of fungi. It varies in color, size, shape, number, arrangement of cells, and manner by which they are borne. 

Major Types of Asexual Spores

Asexual Spores Types Based on Spore Development:

Developed by septation and fragmentation. At the tip of hypha (as arthrospores) or either intercalary (as chlamydospores)

Asexual Spores Types Based on Spore Development:

Developed by budding and swelling. Single spores or chain of spores (e.g. blastospores or phialospores)

MODE OF REPRODUCTION OF FUNGI

3 Phases of Sexual Reproduction 

Union of 2 protoplasts bring the nuclei close together within the same cell. 

MODE OF REPRODUCTION OF FUNGI

3 Phases of Sexual Reproduction 

Fusion of 2 nuclei brought together by the previous phase

MODE OF REPRODUCTION OF FUNGI

3 Phases of Sexual Reproduction 

Reduces the number of chromosomes to haploid

MODE OF REPRODUCTION OF FUNGI

EXAMPLES of Sexual Reproduction

IMPORTANCE OF FUNGI:

In the industry, fungi are used in making wine, beer, cacao fermentation, and cheese. There is the commercial production of many organic acids, drugs (cortisone, argometeine), and some vitamin preparations. Manufacturing of antibiotics

IMPORTANCE OF FUNGI:

Source of Food: 

Mushrooms and Tempeh (soy sauce & miso)

IMPORTANCE OF FUNGI:

Soil Fertility:

As saprophytes, fungi recycle many important chemical elements.

IMPORTANCE OF FUNGI:

Destructive Role:

For the disintegration of organic matter such as leather, fabrics

Spoilage of foods

Diseases in plants, animals, humans

MYCOSES; Human _______ Diseases

WHAT ARE THE 5 GROUPS OF MYCOSES ACCORDING TO THEIR LEVEL AND MODE OF ENTRY?

ODD ONE OUT: MYCOSES EDITION

Superficial Mycoses

ODD ONE OUT: MYCOSES EDITION

Cutaneous mycoses

ODD ONE OUT: MYCOSES EDITION

Subcutaneous Mycoses

ODD ONE OUT: MYCOSES EDITION

Systemic Mycoses

ODD ONE OUT: MYCOSES EDITION

Opportunistic Mycoses