MICROBIOLOGY: THEN VS NOW

New Definition: Microbiology is the study of organisms that can exist as single cells (others are acellular), contain a nucleic acid genome for at least some part of their life cycle, and are capable of replicating that genome.

It is an example of a large microorganisms which lives inside the gut of sturgeon fish. In comparison to E. coli, E. coli looks like a dot. 

What was considered as the largest microorganism/bacteria? It looks like a pearl, having a large vacuole inside it, hence it humongous stature.

Thiomargarita namibiensis is the silver pearl of what?

In 2022, this bacteria dethroned the Thiomargarita namibiensis from being the largest bacteria in history, having an average cell length of 9000 micrometer (nearly a centimeter), versus namibiensis’ 1800 um.

As a basic biological science, microbiology is _____________ the living world of microscopic organisms.

As an applied science, microbiology is _________ our understanding of microbial life processes for the benefit of humankind and planet Earth.

Molds in dusts are the first living organisms on the planet

Microorganisms are more numerous than any other kind of organisms.

Interest in specific group of microorganisms and their biology

BASIC MICROBIOLOGY VS APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

Which of the following DOES NOT belong to the future of microbiology?

In the earliest records of microbiology, it is the first process involving microbiology wherein yeast yields ethanol and carbon dioxide.

It is the yeast responsible for making bread rise. A microorganism whose cells metabolize the carbohydrates in flour and produce carbon dioxide which causes the bread to rise. 

The Father of Western Medicine. He was able to find out that diseases come from the environment/ natural causes.

He was able to conclude that humans have immunity

He said that ’things we cannot see can cause diseases’

MODERN MICROBIOLOGY

He invented the first compound microscope with 3-10x magnification

MODERN MICROBIOLOGY

He was suggested to be the first to observe microorganisms 20 years before Robert Hooke and his observation AND 29 years before Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

What was the book that Athanasius Kircher wrote?

MODERN MICROBIOLOGY

"Putrid material is full of innumerable creeping animalcule"

"Who would believe that vinegar and milk abound with an innumerable multitude of worms".

MODERN MICROBIOLOGY

First to observe bacteria and protozoa, muscle fibers, spermatozoa, and capillaries. 

What was the coined term when Antonie van Leeuwenhoek observed bacteria, protozoa, muscle fibers, spermatozoa, and capillaries?

MODERN MICROBIOLOGY

He invented the simple compound microscope with 30x magnification. He observed cork cells or cells in cork.

Therefore, he coined the term "cells".

Elongated stalks (fungi)with allium and fruiting bodies

What was the large conflict about the origin of life?

"Life emerges from non-living matter"; there is no vital force required

"Life begets life"

This theory suggested that mice came from corn, mosquito from feces, and shrimp from meat.

CONFLICT: SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY V.S. BIOGENESIS THEORY

His setup were wide mouthed jars containing a piece of meat. ’Flies in a jar Experiment’

Open Jar vs Gauze-Covered Jar vs Sealed Jar

Francesco Redi’s Wide Mouthed Jar Experiment

CONFLICT: SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY V.S. BIOGENESIS THEORY

He was a supporter of the Spontaneous Generation Theory, arguing through his experiment that:

Mutton Broth in Flash > Boiled > Sealed > RESULED to BROTH becoming cloudy; indicating that there was a growth of microorganisms from spontaneous generation.

BUT

How come microorganisms grew on the broth despite it being boiled and sealed?

Some microorganisms desire extreme heat rather than cooled down temperature. So, heat-loving/thermophilic microorganisms grew in the broth. 

In the experiment of John Needham, how come some microorganisms still grew in the broth despite it being boiled and sealed? 

He countered John Needham’s experiment, challenging him that the vital force (air) quickly re-entered as the flask was not properly sealed after boiling, therefore the microbes quickly appeared. This proved that the growth of microbes DID NOT COME FROM THE BROTH ITSELF, rather from the exposure of air. 

CONFLICT: SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY V.S. BIOGENESIS THEORY

His experiment passed air through strong acids, resulting to no growth of microorganisms.

CONFLICT: SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY V.S. BIOGENESIS THEORY

His experiment passed air through red-hot tubes, resulting to no growth of microorganisms.

What did spontaneous generation supporters argue about Franz Schultze’s and Theodor Schwann’s strong acid and red-hot tubes experiment?

CONFLICT: SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY V.S. BIOGENESIS THEORY

They filtered air through sterile cotton wool, resulting to no microbial growth.

CONFLICT: SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY V.S. BIOGENESIS THEORY

The Father of Modern Microbiology

CONFLICT: SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY V.S. BIOGENESIS THEORY

He invented swan-neck flasks in which experiments with these resulted into proving that life did not arise from non-life.

The principle behind Louis Pasteur’s swan-neck flask experiment is that the walls of the bottle’s bent part had microorganisms, while the inner part did not. 

Once tilted, the nutrient broth is exposed to the microorganisms suspended at the bent part of the flask.

Pasteur’s test of spontaneous generation:

By sterilizing a food source and keeping it isolated from the outside, Pasteur observed no ____________ of the food source. 

Upon exposure to the outside environment, Pasteur observed the _____________ of the food source. 

This strongly suggested that the components needed to create life do not spontaneously arise. 

Pasteur’s experiment illustrates the fact that the spoilage of liquid was caused by particles in the air rather than the air itself. These experiments were important pieces of evidence supporting the ’Germ Theory of Disease’

Pasteur’s experiment illustrates the fact that the spoilage of liquid was caused by particles in the air rather than the air itself. These experiments were important pieces of evidence supporting what theory?

Even if exposed to air, life did not arise from non-life, rather, life arises from ___.

FINAL BLOW TO THEORY OF SPONTANEOUS GENERATION

He demonstrated that dust carries microorganisms, and he provided evidence for the existence of exceptionally heat-resistant forms of bacteria. 

What did John Tyndall show in his Tyndall box, combating spotnaneous generation believers?

Boiled infusions left open to air in a closed box through which air circulated showed growth of organisms, even if the air was free of particles. With or without dust, nutrient broth will show microbial growth as long as the broth is directly exposed to air

-Tyndallization: Tyndall’s Box

If exposed to air, is it guaranteed that nutrient broth will have microbial growth no matter what?

How come air free of particles showcase sterility of nutrient broth?

It states that diseases are caused by specific agents called germs

What are the agents responsible for diseases?

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE (Proponents)

“Disease was caused by invisible living creatures“: spores that could transmit infection

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE (Proponents)

Showed that a disease of silk worms was caused by a fungus; Beauveria bassiana which is parasitic. 

Fungus that caused the disease of silk worms, as stated by Agostino Bassi

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE (Proponents)

Demonstrated that the Great Potato Blight of Ireland was caused by a fungus-like organism; in actuality, it was Phytophthora infestans which is a protist water mold. 

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE (Proponents)

One of the founders of plantology/plant pathology

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE (Proponents)

Showed that smut and rust fungi caused cereal crop diseases. 

He is the “Founding Father of Plant Pathology“ and “Founder of Modern Mycology“

He was a surgeon, microbiologist, and botanist. 

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE (Proponents)

Introduced “washing hands“ with chlorinated lime solution.

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE (Proponents)

By washing hands, he introduced asepsis in obstetrical wards to prevent the transmission of childbed fever from patient to patient. 

He developed the policy for all attending physicians to wash their hands with chlorinated lime solutions or calcium hypochlorite between patients. With this, mortality rate dropped from 18% to 2.4%

Hence, he was the “Savior of Mothers“

It is invasive in the operating room. 

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE (Proponents)

“Father of Antiseptic Surgery“

He used phenol/carbolic acid in surgical dressing and heat sterilized surgical instruments for surgery. 

Provided indirect evidence that microorganisms were the casual agents of disease.

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE (Proponents)

He showed that the pebrine disease of silkworms was caused by a protozoan called Nosema bombycis

What was the protozoan that caused pebrine disease of silkworms as shown by Louis Pasteur?

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE (Proponents)

Established the relationship between Bacillus anthracis and anthrax (the disease).

Used the criteria developed by his teacher, Jakob Henle to create postulates. 

Which of the following does not belong to Koch’s Postulates?

The following were techniques in microbial pathogens influenced by Koch’s work

Koch’s Postulates Limitations:

Causative agents of human diseases also cause diseases to experimental animals

Koch’s Postulates Limitations:

Some microbes obligate intracellular parasites like chlamydia and viruses and are very challenging, or even impossible, to grow on artificial media.

Koch’s Postulates Limitations:

Tetanus have the same symptoms between patients, no matter the age, ethnicity, sex, and environment.

Koch’s Postulates Limitations:

Some diseases, such as pneumonia and nephritis, may be caused by a variety of microbes.

Koch’s Postulates Limitations:

Certain pathogens, such as HIV, cause disease in humans only - it is unethical to purposely infect a human for the sake of experiments

In China, variolation by what was performed? It is now banned.

VACCINE DEVELOPMENT

Used a vaccination procedure to protect individuals from smallpox. Used pus from cowpox blisters to inoculate. 

The cowpox virus is closely related to variola, the causative agent of smallpox. Hence its use in the development of smallpox vaccine.

VACCINE DEVELOPMENT

They developed vaccines for chicken cholera, anthrax, and rabies via attenuation: growing pathogen in unusual host weakens the pathogen.

First Rabies Vaccine

In this process, the incubation of cultures for long intervals between transfers caused pathogens to lose their ability to cause disease. Growing the pathogen in an unnatural host weakens it. 

VIRUS DISCOVERY

Developed porcelain bacterial filter and named it by his name and Pasteur’s name.

The porcelain filter developed by Charles Chamberland

VIRUS DISCOVERY

Considered one of the founders of virology because  in 1898, he published results on the filtration experiments, demonstrating that tobacco mosaic disease  is caused by an infectious agent smaller than a bacterium which he called virus. 

What  disease is caused by an infectious agent smaller than a bacterium as suggested by Martinus Beijerinck?

It literally means ’contagious living fluid’

ANTIMICROBIAL COMPOUND DISCOVERY

Developed the 606th compound SALVARSAN which is an organic arsenical used to treat syphilis, winning him the Noble Price in Medicine in 1908. 

What was the 606th compound discovered by Paul Ehrlich. It is an organic arsenical used to treat syphilis. 

ANTIMICROBIAL COMPOUND DISCOVERY

Discovered the ’miracle drug’

ANTIMICROBIAL COMPOUND DISCOVERY

What is the ’miracle drug’ discovered by Alexander Fleming and from what microorganism is it from?

In the original experiment by Alexander Fleming, penicillium colony was left open in a petri dish instead of an incubator. The staphylococci bacteria underwent lysis. The lysis from penicillin killed the Staphylococcus bacteria. 

In modern experiments via streak culture, the penicillium colony is grown and there is a _____ __ _________ in which microorganisms cannot grow/inhibited and are killed. 

Staphylococcus aureus colonies were used in streak culture. The secondary metabolize was harnessed and mass produced. 

FERMENTATION AND PASTEURIZATION

Demonstrated the role of yeasts in fermentation: Fermentations were the result of microbial activity. 

FERMENTATION METHODS

This process was developed by Louis Pasteur to preserve wine.

FERMENTATION AND PASTEURIZATION

Discovered ’cell-free extract or juice’ with metabolic enzymes which breaks down the yeast. 

Found that fermentation could occur in yeast extracts which are free of cells. 

Cell-free extract or ’juice’

MICROBIAL ECOLOGY

Discovered the existence of heat-resistant bacterial endospores. Endospores in vegetative cell; gram staining. 

MICROBIAL ECOLOGY

Both of them studied soil and microorganisms

MICROBIAL ECOLOGY

Discovered lithotropy and chemoautotrophy

MICROBIAL ECOLOGY

Discovered nitrogen fixation

MICROBIAL ECOLOGY

Aside from their discoveries in lithotrophy and chemoautotropy AND nitrogen fixation, respectively, they developed enrichment cultures and selective media.

What is the title of this course/subject?

What is the full name of my professor in this course?