The science of biological classification. It features describing, identifying, classifying, and naming of organisms

Grouping organisms into 'taxa' based on mutual similarity or evolutionary relatedness

Characterization of an isolate to determine what species it is. What shape? What size?

Assignment of names to taxonomic groups in agreement with published rules which must be followed according to standards. Do not blindly name organisms. 

The study of the diversity of life (both past and present) and the relationships among living things through time. It uses taxonomy as a means to understand organisms. 

SPECIES In Prokaryotes vs In Eukaryotes

It is a population of organisms that descends from a pure culture isolate or from a species. While different _______ may be nearly identical genetically, they can have very different attributes. 

Strains are described as identical genes with very different attributes. For example, E. coli 0157:H7 is a deadly strain of the said organisms (found in unwashed fruits), while E. coli Hs is the non-lethal strain. 

The most famous early taxonomist. A Swedish botanist, zoologist, and physician who published "Systema Naturae" in which he proposed the taxonomic system called "Linnaean Taxonomy". 

What are the levels of classification of organisms as proposed by Carolus Linnaeus' Linnaean Taxonomy?

Domain and phylum were yet to be added in Linnaean Taxonomy at the time

EVOLVING TREES OF LIFE

The first attempt to depict the common evolutionary history of all living cells. 

Ernst Haeckel proposed this tree of life as the "Three-Kingdom Tree", featuring Protista, Plantae, and Animalia + Monera

HAECKEL TREE

Protista was for _________ organisms, while Monera was _________ organisms whose cells lack nuclei (ancestral to other forms of life)

EVOLVING TREES OF LIFE

"Five-Kingdom Tree" which added Kingdom Fungi 

Here, Prokaryota composed of just the Kingdom Monera, while Eukaryota was composed of Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Protista, Kingdom Plantae, and Kingdom Animalia

Who proposed the Five Kingdom Tree?

Fungi is ____________ while Yeast is _____________

TAXONOMIC CONCEPTS

An additional Kingdom added by Ernst Haeckel after Protista, Plantae, and Animalia. It is for unicellular organisms without nuclei. 

He made a genetics-based tree of life featuring 6 Kingdoms: Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia

Kingdom Plantae 

Kingdom Animalia

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Protista

Kingdom Eubacteria

Kingdom Archaebacteria 

Archaea or Archaebacteria are significantly different from other bacteria and eukaryotes in terms of 16S rRNA Gene Sequences. 

If Archaebacteria are archaic, then Eubacteria are ____ bacteria

It divides cellular life forms into Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryote

The division was based on the differences in ribosomal RNAs

16S rRNA gene = synthesize new proteins

This revolutionized the understanding of microbial evolution

Two-word naming system for identifying organisms by genus and species. 

Each organism is placed in a genus and given a specific epithet (species name)