Lithosphere

Transformation of sediments into rock through compaction and cementation.

Naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a specific chemical composition and a definite crystalline structure that forms from magma or from supersaturated solution.

Continuous, dynamic set of processes by which rocks are changed into other types of rocks.

Loose covering of weathered rock and decayed organic matter overlying Earth's bedrock that is characterized by texture, fertility, and color and whose composition is determined by its parent rock and environmental conditions.

Process that breaks down rocks and minerals into smaller pieces but does not involve any change in their composition.

Breaking down rocks through physical processes like freezing and thawing

A type of erosion caused by wearing or scraping away by sand grains or other particles striking other sand grains and rocks, breaking off small fragments. The particles can be transported by wind, water, ice or gravity.

The process by which the outer layers of rocks are stripped away - an example of mechanical/physical weathering.

The repeated freezing and thawing of water in the cracks of rocks - an example of mechanical/physical weathering.

Process by which rocks and minerals undergo changes in their composition due to chemical reactions with agents such as acids, water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.

The reaction of water with other substances - a type of chemical weathering

The chemical reaction of oxygen with other substances - an example of chemical weathering

Carbon dioxide reacts with certain types of rocks forming a solution that can easily be carried away by water.

A type of rock that forms when particles from other rocks or the remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented together

Chemical or physical process that breaks down rocks into smaller pieces