The sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that determines the specific amino acid sequence in the synthesis of proteins

A molecule containing many amino acids

DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA). RNA = ribonucleic acid. In mRNA uracil (U) is used instead of thymine (T).

An RNA molecule that is created during transcription and is used to synthesise proteins

A molecule that is used to carry instructions in the cell. It is similar to DNA but contains uracil instead of thymine

A nucleic acid that carries the genetic information in the cell

A thread-like structure of protein and DNA by which hereditary information is physically passed from one generation to the next

the building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a 5 carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups

Many nucleotide bases joined together by phosphodiester bonds

The pairing of genetic bases so that adenosine always binds to thymine (or uracil in RNA) and guanine always binds to cytosine

The coiled structure of double-stranded DNA in which strands linked by hydrogen bonds form a spiral configuration, with the two strands oriented in opposite directions

The means by which DNA makes exact copies of itself by unwinding the double helix so that each chain acts as a template for the next. The new copies therefore possess one original and one new strand of DNA

Complex chemicals made up of an organic base, a sugar and a phosphate. They are the basic units of which the nucleic acids DNA and RNA are made

An enzyme that catalyses the formation of a long chain of DNA

An enzyme that moves along the phosphodiester backbone of DNA and separates the two strands.

A model of DNA replication that suggested that the double strands of parental DNA remained together with an identical separate daughter DNA copy made. This would result in one copy made from entirely new nucleotides and one copy that was the original DNA.

a complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of a large and a small subunit. In eukaryotic cells, each subunit is assembled in the n

The double-layered membrane enclosing the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. The nuclear envelope has pores that allow the passage of materials into and out of the cell

Contains bound ribosomes • Proteins are produced here by a process called translation

the linking between two nitrogenous bases on opposite complementary DNA or certain types of RNA strands that are connected via hydrogen bonds is called a base pair (often abbreviated bp).

Purine that hydrogen bonds to thymine in DNA.

Pyrimidine that bonds to adenine in DNA

Purine that hydrogen bonds to cytosine in DNA.

Pyrimidine that bonds to guanine

A pentose sugar found in DNA.

The 5 Carbon sugar component of RNA nucleotides

A type of weak chemical bond that is formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond

A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of one DNA fragment (such as an Okazaki fragment) to the 5' end of another DNA fragment (such as a growing

A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5'?3' direction away from the replication fork.

a major intracellular currency for the exchange of energy

an adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.

Enzyme associated with stalked particles in mitochondria and chloroplasts. It catalyses the joining of ADP and inorganic phosphate to make ATP.

dissolves waste products of metabolism, acts as an insulator, serves as a lubricant between joints, and transports nutrients around the body