chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

molecules containing unpaired electrons; they are highly reactive and are found everywhere

smoking, air pollution, UV light, lipids, protein, DNA

there is more cations so there is more positive charges

there is more anions so there is more negative charges

most acidic to the most basic;

resist change is pH; found in the blood, kidneys, lungs; prevents acidosis/alkalosis

- high acid

- high base

1. passive transport mechanisms

- simple diffusion

when a substance crosses the cell membrane by moving from a higher concentration to a lower concentration

when a substance crosses a cell membrane with the assistance of a transport protein(energy is not required)

when water crosses the cell membrane freely

- carrier- mediated active transport

- needs energy

- part of a cell membrane surrounds solutes

1. digestion

1. Mouth

in chewing mixes food with saliva and begins mechanical digestion

carries food from the mouth to the stomach

adds acids, enzymes, and gastric juice to food, while grinding it into a semiliquid

breaks down nutrients by using enzymes produced by the small intestine and pancreas; nutrients are absorbed into the blood and lymph

absorbs water and some minerals and vitamins and passes waste material to its lower portion, the rectum, for excretion

the accessory organs release secretions needed for digestion into ducts that empty into the GI tract

secrete saliva that moistens and lubricates food and contains two digestive enzymes

produces bile that is required for lipid digestion and absorption

stores bile produced in the liver until released into the small intestine

produces enzymes to digest energy providing nutrients and releases bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid

1. mechanical

- mastication

- enzymes

1. cephalic

- "wake up" call

- a smaller amount of chyme is pushed through the partially open sphincter

- (proper) prevents food from flowing back into the esophagus, the gastroesophageal sphincter normally remains contracted

the smaller the chain length the higher the solubility

The smaller the chain length the lower the melting point

tend to be liquid at room temperature

saturated- solid

partially hydrogenated

omega 3 and omega 6

linolenic acid

linoleic acid

avocado, salmon, nuts

seeds, walnuts, oils

- 3 carbon glycerol molecule with 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group on the third carbon

- multi-ring structure

- critical component of cell membranes

total: 20%-35% of kcals

-limited amount of lipid digestion in mouth and stomach vis lipases

transport dietary fats and cholesterol from intestines to muscle and adipose tissue

carries mainly triglycerides from liver to muscle and adipose tissue

VLDL is converted to LDL, which primarily carries cholesterol to all cells in the body

A cholesterol-carrying particle in the blood, made up of cholesterol and other lipids surrounded by a single layer of phospholipids in which proteins are embedded. An HDL particle carries less cholesterol than a related lipoprotein, LDL, and may be correlated with a decreased risk of blood vessel blockage.

2-12 amino acids

> 12 amino acids

10-35% of total calories

-mouth: mechanical digestion

1. synthesize proteins in the body

- protein-energy malnutrition: severe protein deficit

when freshwater demands exceed renewable supply

-composed of H and O

-solid

intracellular and extracellular

within the cell

outside the cell

interstitial fluid and intravascular fluid

between the cells

found in the blood and lymph

-equal input must equal output

process of transporting oxygen from the air to the cells with in tissue inhalation

solvent, cleansing agent, lubrication and cushion, coolant

total water intake

-ethanol

-women: up to 1 drink a day

no digestion required

- stomach: ~20%

-alcohol is absorbed into the bloodstream

highly toxic substance formed during the first step of the alcohol dehydrogenase pathway

.08%