The capacity to cause change, especially to do work (move matter against an opposing force

An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or substances derived from them

An organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms or substances derived from other organisms.

The catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules and use an electron transport chain for the production of ATP

The conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in sugars or other organic compounds

A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler molecules

A catabolic pathway for organic molecules, using oxygen as the final electron acceptor in an electron transport chain and ultimately producing ATP.

A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose (or other organic molecules) without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid

A chemical reaction involving the complete or partial transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another

The complete or partial loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction

The complete or partial addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction

The electron acceptor in a redox reaction

The electron donor in a redox reaction

An organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes in metabolic reactions

A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP

A series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into pyruvate. Glycolysis occurs in almost all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration

A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA (derived from pyruvate) to carbon dioxide; the second major stage in cellular respiration

The enzyme-catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism

The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration

The semifluid portion of cytoplasm

An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP

An adenine-containing nucleoside diphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. An additional phosphate group can be added to make adenosine triphosphate.

An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed

The entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration formed from a two-carbon fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme

A complex of several membrane proteins that functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion (proton) concentration gradient to make ATP.

An energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP.

An active transport protein in a cell membrane that uses ATP to transport hydrogen ions out of a cell against their concentration gradient, generating a membrane potential in the process

Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD plus and releasing carbon dioxide

Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate, regenerating NAD plus with no release of carbon dioxide