The sharing of valence electrons between different atoms to help the atoms get full valence rings with 8 electrons

A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds

A group of atoms bonded together

A bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms

a chemical bond in which a metal atom loses an electron to form a positive cation and a nonmetal atom gains an electron to form a negative anion

A chemical bond formed when atoms share two pairs of electrons

A charged atom

A combination of chemical symbols and numbers to represent the events in a compound

The electrons in the outermost energy level that determine how an atom will react with other atoms

a description of a molecule that shows the kind, number, and arrangement of atoms

a way to describe a chemical reaction using chemical formulas and other symbols

the process by which one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances

A starting material in a chemical reaction

The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction.

organizes elements by their properties

repeating chemical and physical properties change in a repeating pattern with the elements' atomic numbers

vertical column on the Periodic Table of Elements; members share chemical and physical properties; share the number of valence electrons

a horizontal row of elements on the Periodic Table of Elements; whose physical and chemical properties repeat in a pattern (conductivity and reactivity change gradually as you move from left to right)

elements that are poor conductors of heat and electricity, brittle, dull; located on the right side of the staircase

elements that have characteristics of both metals and nonmetals; located on the staircase

element that occurs somewhere on Earth

element that is made in laboratories; elements with an atomic number equal to or higher than 95

elements that give off particles

most reactive metals; 1 valence electron; group 1

2 valence electrons; group 2

1 to 2 valence electrons; group 3-12

most reactive nonmetals; 7 valence electrons; group 17

nonreactive; 2 or 8 valence electrons; group 18

top special row; part of the Transition Metals

bottom special row; part of the Transition Metals

equals the number of protons and is the property for organization of the periodic table (PT)

equals the number of protons plus the number of neutrons

one or two letters representing the element- first is capital/second is lower case

small particle with a negative charge that orbits the nucleus of an atom

small particle with a positive charge in a nucleus of an atom

small particle with no charge found in the nucleus of an atom

A one- or two-letter representation of an element

A horizontal row of elements in the periodic table

Elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table; also called family

A region of an atom in which electrons of the same energy are likely to be found

Sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

A class of elements characterized by physical properties that include shininess, malleability, ductility, and conductivity

The ability of an object to transfer heat

The ability of an object to carry electric current

Deterioration of a material due to interaction with its environment.

A molecule that consists of two atoms of the same element

brittle , dull, poor conductors of heat and electricity

horizontal rows on the periodic table

can be pulled into long wires

the ability of an object to transfer heat or electricity to another object

the ease and speed with which an element combines or reacts with other elements and compounds

a mixture of a metal with at least one other element- strengthens the structure

the protons remain the same as the atomic number, but the neutrons do not

created one of the first periodic tables by using atomic mass

number of times a machine increases the input force

The weight or resistance that is moved using a simple machine.

What type of simple machine is a seesaw?

What specific type of simple machine is a tennis racket?

What type of pulley is shown here?

the formula for work

SI unit used for work

It takes 70N of effort to lift a load 3m. How much work is done?

A lawnmower was pushed 70m with a force of 1.1N. How much work was done?

What two things do you need to know to be able to measure work?

How much work is done when you push on the wall and it does not move?

When a simple machine helps reduce the force, what happens to the distance needed to do the work?

The percentage of the work input that becomes work output for a machine.

rate at which work is done/amount of work per unit time

Does a simple machine change the amount of work done?

Can a simple machine change the direction of the force?

How many different ways could a machine make work easier?

3 changes machines make to make work easier

unit for power

what causes a machine to lose efficiency?

a 3 hole punch is an example of this specific type of simple machine

the formula for power

mechanical advantage of inclined plane

Occurs when a force causes an object to move in the direction of the force.

A device that helps make work easier by changing the size or direction of a force.

The work you do on a machine and move it through a distance.

The work done by the machine through a distance.

The ratio of the output force to the input force in a machine. Measures the actual forces on the machine

the formula for efficiency

Made of two or more simple machines

A simple machine consisting of a bar and that pivots at a fixed point called a fulcrum.

Simple machine consisting of two disks or cylinders, each one a different radius.

Simple machine consisting of a grooved wheel that holds a rope or cable.

A machine that takes force and changes its direction, distance, or strength

The force you apply to a machine

The force a machine applies

The object moved by the output

The point on which a lever rests or is supported and on which it pivots

wheels, steering wheels, gears, bicycle wheel, office chair, wheelbarrow, shopping cart, roller skates; any device that has a crank handle (ex: pencil sharpener, fishing reel)

Drawbridges, winches, flag poll, elevator, sails, cranes, window shades, and blinds

A slanting suface with one end higher than the other. Inclined planes allow a resistance load to be moved from a lower position to one that is higher with less effort than lifting it vertically.

Ramps, winding roads, slides, stairs, escalators

An inclined plane with one or two surfaces that separates objects. Wedges push material apart and cut things.

Pencils, axes, door stops, knives, chisels, nail, saw, scissors, bow of a ship, snowplows, crowbar

An inclined plane that is wrapped around a cylinder or rod (helix).

What is the power of a light bulb if it can perform 320 joules of work in 8 seconds?

You have just designed a machine that uses 500J of work from a motor for every 400J of useful work the machine supplies. What is the efficiency of your machine?

A circular path of electricity.

A device that uses a chemical reaction to create electricity.

A type of circuit that has more than one path through which the current can flow.

The type of electricity created when an object loses or gains electrons.

A substance that resists the push of electricity through it, but allows some electricity to flow.

A substance that electrons can flow through easily.

Italian man who discovered current electricity.

Branch of engineering that studies the science of electricity in order to apply it to power systems, communications, electronic devices and machinery.

The process where a neutral object is statically charged by another charged object without the objects touching.

A type of circuit that has only one path through which the current can flow.

German physicist who discovered the relationship between voltage, resistance and current in an electrical circuit.

In any circuit, the voltage (V) is equal to the current (I) times the resistance (R).

An item in an electrical circuit that will open the circuit if the wires get too hot.

A form of energy involving negatively and positively charged particles

The flow of electrons through an object

Parallel circuit has more than one path for the electricity to flow and a series circuit has only one path for the electricity to flow

A device that opens or closes a circuit

A force that is created when objects lose or gain electrons

A substance that electrons cannot pass through easily

The difference of potential electrical energy between two points in an electric circuit

A device that opens a circuit if the wires become too hot

A substance which forms ions in an aqueous solution

The invisible space around a magnet where there is a magnetic force

attracts a south pole magnet

attracts a north pole magnet

A magnet made by using an electric current

A naturally magnetic substance

Dates back as far as 2500 B.C. and is probably the oldest known use of magnets. It is a device consisting of a magnetized needle that points to the north pole of the earth.

A scientist who made an accidental discovery that an electrical current has a magnetic field.

The element Fe. A metal. Magnets will attract.

A device the uses electromagnets to turn motion into electricity

A device that uses electromagnets to turn electricity into motion

the attraction caused by a magnetic force

Alternating current and direct current

The distance the earth is from the sun (on average)

A substance which forms ions in a aqueous solution

The galaxy that our solar system is a part of

German astronomer who studied the motion of planets. His studies resulted in three laws called "Kepler's laws."

A straight line that a geometric object rotates around, in this case the earth (earth's axis)

A substance in foods that the body needs to regulate bodily functions, promote growth, repair body tissues, and obtain energy.

Unit for the amount of energy released when nutrients are broken down.

A nutrient that supplies energy for your body's functions. Can be simple or complex.

sugars found in fruits, vegetables, grains, and milk.

starches found in rice, grains, seeds, and nuts.

the need for food.

the desire for food.

A type of complex carbohydrate that is found in plants and is necessary for the proper functioning of the digestive system.

A nutrient that supplies energy, forms cells, maintains body temperature, and protects nerves.

A liquid at room temperature; can prevent heart disease.

A solid at room temperature; can lead to heart disease.

A waxy, fatlike substance that is found only in animal products.

needed for the growth and repair of body tissues.

contains all 9 of the essential amino acids.

lacking some essential amino acids.

the building blocks of protein.

A nutrient that is made by living things, is required in small amounts, and assists in chemical reactions in the body.

vitamin that is stored in fat.

vitamin that cannot be stored in the body and needs to be replaced daily.

A nutrient that occurs naturally in rocks or soil; needed by the body in small amounts.

The process of maintaining a steady state inside the body.

A serious reduction in the body's water content.

What are two examples of monosaccharides?

Macromolecules that contain genetic information needed for making proteins

A molecule that serves as a building block of a polymer.

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.

Class of energy giving nutrients that include starches, fibers and sugars

Nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues

Fats and oils used for long term energy.

Large molecules that are formed by joining smaller organic molecules together

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

A nucleic acid found in the nucleus of all living cells, which carries the organism's hereditary information.

A type of nucleic acid containing the sugar ribose.

A disaccharide made of glucose + fructose; Table sugar

Complex carbohydrate

See image

Building Blocks of Lipids

A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.

Combines with fatty acids to make lipids.

Building blocks of protein

A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.

Compounds that contain the element phosphorus. Found in nucleotides.

A high energy molecule that can be split apart to release energy for many different processes in living things.

the hydrogen bonds between molecules of water at the surface.

the energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius

The process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, as water is changing from the liquid to the gaseous state.

frozen water is less dense than liquid water; expands and floats; allows life to live under the surface of lakes and polar seas

double spiral shape of the DNA molecule

simple sugar such as glucose that is a building block of carbohydrates

organic compound such as DNA or RNA

compound found in living things that contains mainly carbon

chain of nucleotides that alone or with another such chain makes up a nucleic acid

chain of amino acids that alone or with other such chains makes up a protein

chain of monosaccharides that makes up a complex carbohydrate such as starch

organic compound made up of amino acids

molecule in lipids in which carbon atoms are bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible

molecule in lipids in which some carbon atoms are bonded to other groups of atoms rather than to hydrogen atoms

energy needed to start a chemical reaction

endothermic reaction in organisms

chemical reaction that occurs inside the cells of living things

sum of all the biochemical reactions in an organism

substance that forms as the result of a chemical reaction

starting material in a chemical reaction

solution with a pH lower than 7

solution with a pH higher than 7

scale that is used to measure acidity

difference in electrical charge between different parts of the same molecule

mixture that has the same composition throughout

type of chemical bond that forms between molecules: found between water molecules

Anything that has mass and takes up space.

Smallest particle of an element

A pure substance made of only one kind of atom.

A table that shows the elements, their atomic number, symbol, and average atomic mass; elements with similar chemical properties are grouped together.

A group of atoms bonded together

The force that holds two atoms together

A substance produced in a chemical reaction.

Any compound that forms H+ ions in solution.

transfer of electrons (usu metal to non metal)

Molecule with an unequal distribution of charge, resulting in the molecule having a positive end and a negative end

An abnormally low amount of water in the body.

A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons.

A range of values used to express the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.

Attraction between molecules of the same substance.

An attraction between molecules of different substances

A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules.

Large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides.

Examples are glucose, fructose, galactose.

The starches and sugars present in foods. Provides energy.

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Long chains of amino acids. They are nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues.

Building blocks of proteins

Molecules that contain carbon (and hydrogen).

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions.

when two or more elements combine chemically such as water

without water, chemical reaction would not take place

4 phases of matter

Dense, central part of an atom that contains protons and neutrons and has a positive charge

Regions surrounding the nucleus that contains the electrons

Number of electrons that the first energy level can hold

Number of electrons that the second and third energy level can hold

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

The number of protons plus the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

Four elements that make up around 95% of the mass of all organisms on Earth.

Substances composed of one or more substances that are not chemically combined and can be separated by physical means

A homogenous mixture composed of a solvent (usually water) and a solute.

Rule which states that atoms are most stable when they have a full outermost (valence) shell of electrons.

The outermost energy level of an atom or ion

Electrons found in the valence shell of an atom or ion

An atom, or group of atoms that have gained or lost one or more electrons. A charged particle

An atom, or group of atoms that has lost one or more electrons and is now positively charged

An atom or group of atoms that has gained one or more electrons and is now negatively charged

Atoms that have the same atomic number but different mass numbers. Due to different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus

A solution that has an excess of OH- ions.

compound found in living things that contains mainly carbon

the knowledge obtained by observing natural events and conditions in order to discover facts and formulate laws or principles that can be verified or tested

the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes; the use of tools, machines, materials, and process to help human needs.

a descriptive statement or equation that reliably predicts events under certain conditions.

the ability and willingness to assess claims critically and to make judgments on the basis of objective and supported reasons

A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.

a measure of the straight-line distance between two points

A measure of the size of a body or region in three-dimensional space

a measure of the amount of matter in an object; a fundamental property of an object that is not affected by the forces that act on the object, such as the gravitational force

A factor that can changes in an experiment in order to test an hypothesis

the exactness of a measurement

a method of expressing a quantity as a number multiplied by 10 to the appropriate power

a prescribed decimal place that determines the amount of rounding off to be done based on the precision of the measurement

a determination of the amount of something. A measurement has two parts: a value and a unit

a fixed amount of something, like a centimeter (cm) of distance

measurement system used for everyday measurements in the United States

International System of Units, used by most countries for everyday measurement and used by the scientific community worldwide

refers to the smallest interval that can be measured

the amount of space between two points

a measured distance

a basic SI unit of length

(ly) the distance light travels through space in one year. One light year is equal to 9.46 x 1012 km

a ratio that has a value of one and is used when setting up a unit conversion problem

a method of using conversion factors and unit canceling to solve a unit conversion problem

meaningful digits in a measured quantity

a visual representation of data

a graph of two variables through to be related

a variable that you believe might influence another variable

the variable you believe is influenced by the independent variable

a relationship in which one variable increases with an increase in another variable

a relationship in which one variable decreases when another variable increases

the amount of space occupied by matter.

A push or pull that acts on an object

A unit of measure that equals the force required to accelerate 1 kilogram of mass at 1 meter per second per second

The overall force acting on an object after all the forces are combined

Friction that acts on objects that are not moving

friction that occurs when one solid surface slides over another

friction that occurs when an object rolls over a surface

a friction force that opposes the motion of an object through a fluid

a type of fluid friction on which objects falling through air experience upward force

the motion of a falling object after it is given an initial forward velocity

an attractive force that acts between any two objects

An object in motion stays in motion and an object at rest stays at rest UNLESS acted upon by an UNBALANCED force!

Net Force = Mass * Acceleration

Forces always come in pairs. For every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force.

Mass in motion. Depends on an objects Mass as well as its velocity!

The friction that slows an object as it moves through air or water

The law that says the closer things are to one another, the more powerful the attraction

A shape that allows an object to move through fluids and air without as much drag

The maximum speed an object can fall; the speed limit for falling objects

The friction between two objects that keeps them from sliding across each other

A force that acts on a body moving in a circular path and is directed toward the center around which the body is moving.

A tool that allows to use force in a convenient way.

A simple machine consisting of a wheel with a groove in it which allows a rope (string, wire, etc.) to be pulled around it.

A decimal-based measuring system used by much of the world and the entire scientific community.

A special type of gear that has its ratio measured by the angle of its threads.

A surface used for joining two different levels.

When a force (push or pull) moves an object.

See image

The ratio of the speed of rotation of the powered gear to that of the final driven gear.

A simple machine that uses a fulcrum point.

The pivot point on a lever.

The amount of work you can do during a certain length of time.

The metric measurement most scientists use to measure work.

A simple machine that has an inclined surface, like a ramp.

A pulley that can freely move. Example is elevators.

Visible energy.

In science, the idea that energy can never be created or destroyed.

Stored energy.

The Energy of Motion.

A machine that uses an axle and a lever to gether to lift objects.

Energy stored as chemical potential, such as a battery.

The ability to do work.

The ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a standard, usually water for a liquid.

The ratio of the force produced by a machine to the effort (force) applied to it.

A combination of two or more simple machines.

A repeating path in space that takes one object around another.

Fulcrum is in the middle. Example: scissors

Resistance (load) is in the middle. Example: nutcracker

Effort is in the middle. Example: tweezers

A scientist's "best guess" of why something is happening.

A scientist's conclusion of why something happens the way it does.

A substance that reduces friction between two moving forces.

A substance that flows with relative ease. Examples: water (liquids) and air (gas)

The amount of force on a given surface area.

The upward pushing force of a fluid against an object that is pushing down.

The tendency of objects to resist a change in motion.

The amount of gravitational force acting on an object.

A quantity described by magnitude and direction.

A non-moving object used to describe a moving object.

A directional force with direction and magnitude.

An engine that uses heat energy to create mechanical energy.

An object that is in orbit with another object.

A force that resists motion and produces heat.

A returning force.

A scientist from the 16-17th centuries who conducted experiments dealing with the Earth's gravitational field.

How fast an object travels; distance/time

The system of planets around the Sun.

The study of the mechanics of how fluids flow.

When an object starts gaining speed.

The decrease of the pressure in a fluid as the speed increases.

Something that can be seen and observed consistently happen.

The straight line change in the position of an object.

A strong tide that happens when the Sun and the Moon are aligned with the Earth.

A force that pulls objects towards each other.

The speed of an object in a certain direction.

An instrument that is used to compare the density of liquids to water.

A weaker tide and happens when the Sun and the Moon are not aligned with the Earth.

The studies of matter and energy

Those special features, traits, or attributes of materials found in the universe

To replace matter with another kind of matter or to move matter

How much mass is in a certain volume of matter

The amount of shine something has

Bendable materials

When material can be changed into a different shape without breaking, unbreakable

Whether or not an object can be made into a wire

an estimate of how much a measured or calculated value differs from a true value

standard quantities used to specify measurements

a system of measurement based on the number 10; accepted system for science

Degrees Celcius (degree C)

Seconds (s)

k; thousand; 10^3

d; tenth; 10^-1

c; hundreth; 10^-2

m; thousandth; 10^-3

millionth; 10^-6

n; billionth; 10^-9

A system of scientific measurement used worldwide and based on metric system standards of measurement

a metric system standard of measure for mass

base standard measure of volume in the SI system

system of measurement based on multiples of ten

g/ml ; kg/L ; mg/ml etc. (mass per unit volume)

all of the numbers in a measurement which are known plus one which is estimated

a method of writing very large or very small numbers using exponents with base 10

how close a measured value is to the TRUE or ACCEPTED value of the quantity being measured

how close a set of measurements are to each other

A measure of the amount of matter in an object

Anything that takes up space and has mass

The effect of gravity on mass; differs from earth to space to moon, etc.

The size of a 2-dimensional surface; l x w

A value obtained when performing an experiment; (it's the value YOU obtain or calculate)

The value determined by many measurements made by reliable sources; would most likely be a published value. (Also called the theoretical value)

A calculation comparing a value obtained by you to a scientifically accepted, established value

A measure of the average kinetic energy (motion) of the particles in a sample of matter

the branch of science dealing with the study of matter and changes in matter