"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

Pictures made with pieces of colored stone or glass.

A sum paid or charged for the use of money or for borrowing money

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

People like the Medici family that made loans and grew wealthy from interest

people that buy art like the wealthy, banking Medici family, which provided incentive for artists to create art

development in the Renaissance that included realistic three-dimensional perspective

how a civilization makes money through the buying and selling of goods and services. Inspired by Marco Polo, during the Renaissance trade with Asia increased.

15th century invention which revolutionized the ability to print information which in turn affected the speed of the spread of information itself.

German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press (1400-1468)

the first full-sized book printed with movable type and a printing press

a learned person; an expert in a field of study; someone who studies with a teacher; a student who gets a gift of money to pay for education

A person who writes plays like William Shakespeare

giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

an ancient era in Rome and Greece when people achieved new heights in art, architecture, and philosophy

a scholar during the Renaissance who (because knowledge was limited) could know almost everything about many topics

(1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.

Italian painter and sculptor and engineer and scientist and architect

(1386-1466) Sculptor. Probably exerted greatest influence of any Florentine artist before Michelangelo. His statues expressed an appreciation of the incredible variety of human nature.

(1483-1520) Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens.

Concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters

The belief that moral standards do not require religious justification.

(1564 - 1616) English poet and playwright considered one of the greatest writers of the English language; works include Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet.

(1265-1321) Italian poet and Renaissance writer. His greatest work is The Divine Comedy.

Renaissance writer; formerly a politician, wrote The Prince, a work on ethics and government, describing how rulers maintain power by methods that ignore right or wrong; accepted the philosophy that "the end justifies the means."

(1466?-1536) Dutch Humanist and friend of Sir Thomas More. Perhaps the most intellectual man in Europe and widely respected. Believed the problems in the Catholic Church could be fixed; did not suport the idea of a Reformation. Wrote Praise of Folly.

(1478-1535) Englishman, lawyer, politician, Chancellor for Henry VIII. Wrote Utopia which presented a revolutionary view of society, in which the problems of society were caused by greed. Executed by Henry VIII for not compromising his religious beliefs.

1473-1543. Polish astronomer who was the first to formulate a scientifically based heliocentric cosmology that displaced the earth from the center of the universe. This theory is considered the epiphany that began the Scientific Revolution.

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars

Defined the laws of motion and universal gravitation and used them to predict the motion of stars and planets around the sun.

Everyday language of ordinary people

A social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers

Kings or queens who rule a kingdom

Ruled Florence during the Renaissance, became wealthy from banking, spent a lot of money on art, controlled Florence for about 3 centuries

a city in the Tuscany region of northern Italy that was the center of the Italian Renaissance

A sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland.

Paintings made on wet plaster walls

statue or other free-standing piece of art made of clay, stone, or other materials

A group of territories in central Italy ruled by the popes from 754 until 1870. They were originally given to the papacy by Pepin the Short and reached their greatest extent in 1859. The last papal state—the Vatican City—was formally established as a separate state by the Lateran Treaty of 1929.

A Catholic church in Vatican City, Italy. Its ceiling was painted by the Renaissance artist Michelangelo.

Florentine architect who was the first great architect of the Italian Renaissance (1377-1446)

Branch of Christianity established in 1054 and establishes itself in Western Europe. Noted for its separation from the political sphere, celibacy in its clergy, and instance of the bishop of Rome, or pope, as its ultimate authority in Christian belief and practice.

It was nailed to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517 and is widely seen as being the catalyst that started the Protestant Reformation. It contained Luther's list of accusations against the Roman Catholic Church.

a statement or theory that is put forward as a premise to be maintained or proved.

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

a member of a Christian church founded on the principles of the Reformation

The religious reform movement within the Roman Catholic Church that occurred in response to the Protestant reformation. It reaffirmed Catholic beliefs and promoted education

A pardon given by the Roman Catholic Church in return for repentance for sins

A state of final purification or cleansing, which one may need to enter following death and before entering Heaven

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.

Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic

(1618-1648) This Bourbon vs. Habsburg War resulted from a conflict between the Protestant Union and the Catholic League in the Holy Roman Empire

a person sent on a religious mission, especially one sent to promote Christianity in a foreign country.

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

Taught that the authority of the Bible was higher than that of the Pope. Executed for heresy.

English scholar who argued that the Bible was the final authority for Christian life. Translated Bible into English. (1328-1384)